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DNA: Cracking the Code of Life - Understanding the Fundamentals and Functions

Explore the essence of DNA and its crucial role in cellular processes. Unravel the mysteries of deoxyribose nucleic acid, its structure, functions, and genetic implications. Discover how DNA controls chemical changes within cells and influences genetic codes, protein synthesis, and hereditary traits.

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DNA: Cracking the Code of Life - Understanding the Fundamentals and Functions

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  1. Warm-up 10/31/11 • Teach the Teacher: Tell me everything you know about DNA. • Review: Name as many female and male reproductive parts as you can. • Learning Target: What makes up DNA? What does DNA do at the cellular level?

  2. DNA CRACKING THE CODE OF LIFE

  3. DNA 101 • DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid • What is a nucleic acid (one of four..)___________ • 5 cm long nucleic acid molecule that contains hereditary material—tells cell its function and structure

  4. Functions • DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells • The kind of cell which is formed, (muscle, blood, nerve etc • The kind of organism which is produced (buttercup, giraffe, herring, human etc)

  5. Functions • DNA does it’s dirty work by making proteins… • PROTEINS ARE LIKE TEXT MESSAGES AND BRICKS.. • communicate and build things

  6. Made Of large molecule made up of a long chain of sub-units • The sub-units are called nucleotides • Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar called deoxyribose • a phosphate group -PO4 • and an organic base

  7. Ribose and Deoxyribose • Ribose is a sugar, like glucose, but with only five carbon atoms in its molecule • Deoxyribose is almost the same but lacks one oxygen atom • Both molecules may be represented by the symbol

  8. 5 The bases Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) (G) Guanine The most common organic bases are

  9. 6 Nucleotides PO4 adenine deoxyribose The deoxyribose, the phosphate and one of the bases Combine to form a nucleotide

  10. 10 Bonding 1 Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine The bases always pair up in the same way Adenine forms a bond with Thymine and Cytosine bonds with Guanine

  11. 19 Genetic code 1 • The sequence of bases in DNA forms the • Genetic Code • The different amino acids and the order in which they are joined up determines the sort of protein being produced • A group of three bases (a triplet) controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell

  12. Warm-UP 11/3/11 • Teach the Teacher: What is one thing you want to learn before you die (speak another language, learn how to fix a car, etc.)? • Review: Tell me as much as you can about DNA…. • Learning Targets: What is replication? How do genes code for traits?

  13. Gallery Walk • 1. What are characteristics of a good, eye-catching poster? • 2. Give me 4 facts from subjects other then the ones you did…. • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4.

  14. Genetic code 2 Ser-Cyst-Val-Gly-Ser-Cyst Ala Val Val-Cyst-Ser-Ala-Ser-Cyst-Gly Val- Cyst-Ala-Ala-Ser-Gly 20 This is a small, imaginary protein molecule showing how a sequence of 5 different amino acids could determine the shape and identity of the molecule Each amino acid (Serine, Cysteine, Valine, Glycine and Alanine) is coded for by a particular triplet of bases

  15. Triplet code 22 This is known as the triplet code Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid CGA - CAA - CCA - CCA - GCT - GGG - GAG - CCA - Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly The amino acids are joined together in the correct sequence to make part of a protein Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly

  16. Enzymes • So DNA exerts its control through the enzymes • The DNA controls which enzymes are made and the enzymes determine what reactions take place • The proteins build the cell structures

  17. Genes • A sequence of triplets in the DNA molecule may code for a complete amino acid • Such a sequence forms a gene • There may be a thousand or more bases in one gene

  18. Replication • Before a cell divides, the DNA strands unwind • and separate • Each strand makes a new partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides • The result is that there are now two double-stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus • So that when the cell divides, each nucleus contains identical DNA • This process is called replication

  19. Genetic Code • Each amino acid is specified by a particular combination of 3 nucleotides, called codons • Different species can use one codon over another for the same amino acid

  20. Warm-UP 11/7 • Teach the Teacher: If you had to babysit a 5 year old what would be the coolest thing to do? • Review: What are the four nitrogen bases that make up DNA? • Learning Target: What are the “leggo” pieces of DNA? What are current issues regarding DNA?

  21. Flash Card • On the front: • Nucleotide • On the back: • The “lego” of DNA: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases

  22. Flash Card • On the front: • Nitrogen bases • On the back: • Adenine • Thymine • Cytosine • Guanine • Makes genetic code

  23. Flash Card • On the front: • Amino Acid • On the back: • Building block of proteins, coded by a triplet of nitrogen bases

  24. Flash Card • On the front: • Replication • On the back: • Process by which DNA is doubled before cell division

  25. Warm-up 11/9/11 • Teach the Teacher: What is one of the most important things your grandparents, guardians, auntie, uncle, or other trusted adult has taught you? • Review: List as many flash card words as you can think of about DNA (in fact you should look at the flashcards…I give you permission) • Learning Targets: Learn the process for DNA analysis in crimes scenes. Investigate issues surrounding DNA determining blood quantum.

  26. High Country News Article • 1.What are the positive and negatives of using blood quantum? Be balanced. • 2. What do you think?

  27. Warm-UP 11/10/11 • Teach the Teacher: What would be (or is) the best thing about being a twin? • Review: What is a way that our bodies must maintain homeostasis? • Learning Targets: DNA characteristics and current issues. What is human cloning?

  28. Trash Basketball!!!

  29. Deoxyribose nucleic acid is…. • DNA • Nucleotide

  30. Thymine, Cytosine, adenine, and Guanine are…. • Amino acids • Nitrogen bases

  31. Proteins do what in the cell? • Send messages and build stuff like muscle and cells • Make bones

  32. Amino acids • Make up proteins • Make up nucleotide

  33. three nitrogen bases make up a • Coden or triplet • Enzymes

  34. The process by which DNA doubles in the cell • Nucleotides • Replication

  35. A phosphate group, nitrogen base, and a sugar make up what? • Enzyme • Nucleotide

  36. This is the lego of DNA • Nucleotide • Enzyme

  37. This is a macromolecule • Nucleic acid • Coden

  38. Cytosine will bond with • Thymine • Guanine

  39. Thymine will bond with • adenine • cytosine

  40. GAU AUU CUU CUG CCC ACA

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