Memory and Learning Types of learning Types of memory Neural basis of learning and memory Learning – changes future behavior. Memory- ability to remember the past. LEARNING MEMORY
Learning Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s dogs
Learning Classical Conditioning Baby “Albert” (~1920) Noise Albert Rat
Learning Operant Conditioning
Memory Sensory Memory STM LTM (<2 sec) (<1 min) (years!) needs rehearsal Types of LTM Declarative Memory Non-declarative (explicit) (implicit) 1+1=2 254-765-8714 Tashidelek = ??
In humans, the hippocampus is critical for the formationof explicit memories. Hippocampus Amgdala Temporal lobe
Memory • Memory stored in multiple locations in the brain: • medial temporal lobe (facts/events) • striatum (skills and habits) • neocortex (sensory) • amygdala (emotional memories) • cerebellum (simple association learning) • brain stem/spinal cord (simple learning)
Studying Memory • Aplysiacalifornica(Eric Kandel; Nobel Prize in 2000) • 10,000 neurons in nervous system; can learn • Large neurons located in ganglia; control behavior (withdrawal; sensitization)
Studying Memory STM: short term biochemical changes that lead to larger PSP (“stronger connection between neurons”). Changes are NOT permanent. • LTM: changes in protein synthesis and gene regulation • involves structural modifications: increased branches; more synapses
Studying Memory Hippocampus PET brain scan during an object location test. (from A. M. Owen, et al., J. Cog. Neurosci. 8:6, 588-602, 1996.)
Studying Memory • As a teenager H.M. suffered from epilepsy. • At the age of 27, in 1953, he had a bilateral removal of his temporal lobes, including the hippocampus and amygdala, to treat his epilepsy.
Studying Memory Patient HM Normal Hippocampus ? Patient HM= Henry G. Molaison After surgery, HM was never able to form new memories, but old memories fine. Consolidation vs storage? http://thebrainobservatory.ucsd.edu/
Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes memory loss and other intellectual deficits. Dr. Alois Alzheimer Auguste D. 1906
Alzheimer’s Disease causes atrophyof the hippocampus and cortex Healthy AD Hippocampus;entorhinalcortex; perirhinal cortex Courtesy of Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center
What are the similarities and differences between Auguste D. and H.M.? Auguste D. H.M.
Memory List 1: read, pages, letters, teacher, school, study, read, stories, sheets, cover, pen, pencil, learn, paper, words List 2: house, pencil, apple, shoe, book, flag, rock, train, ocean, hill, music, water, glass, school "book" on list 1? Only pencil and school were on list 1. List 1: sheets, pillow, mattress, blanket, comfortable, room, dream, lay, chair, rest, tired, night, dark, time List 2: door, tree, eye, song, pillow, juice, orange, radio, rain, car, sleep, cat, dream, eat "sleep" was on list 1? Only pillow and dream were on list 1.
Memory
Memory 9 1 2 8 7 3 2 6 4 5 0 9 7 4 5 3 0 1 6 8 OR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Memory “Chunking” 84623 or 84 623 (5 or 2) 19882012 or 1988 2012 (8 or 2)
Memory
Memory
Conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory requires rehearsal Consolidation Information Short-term Memory Long-term Memory Rehearsal
Memory Association
Memory 8 85 859 8592 85925 859258 8592581 85925814 8592??? .…. …… ……
Memory snake - apple - arrow - baby - bird - book - butterfly - car - corn - flower - hammer - house - money - microscope - ocean - pencil - rock - shoes - table - window anger - belief - boredom - chance - concept - effort - fate - freedom - glory - happiness - honor - hope - idea - interest - knowledge - mercy - mood - moral - theory - truth ator- botam - crov - difim - firap - glimoc - ricul- hilnim - jolib - kepwin - leptav - lumal - mib - natpem - peyrim - rispaw - stiwin - tubiv - vopec - yapib
Memory
Spatial Memory LONDON
Spatial Memory MRI Maguire, EA et al. PNAS 2000;97:4398-4403
Spatial Memory
