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Theme 9

Theme 9. Development of Personality in Adulthood. Do Our Personalities Change or Remain Stable During Adulthood and Old Age? Models of features Continuity Models of Discontinuity Development of “I” Models of life histories. Models of Features.

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Theme 9

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  1. Theme 9 Development of Personality in Adulthood

  2. Do Our Personalities Change or Remain Stable During Adulthood and Old Age? • Models of features Continuity • Models of Discontinuity Development of “I” • Models of life histories

  3. Models of Features • Kansas City Study (Neugarten) • Stability in lifestyle, attitudes and emotions • Persona’s dominance declines beginning at 50 years old • Theory of disconnection • Tendency towards androgyny • Strong paternal tendency in early adulthood (Gutman 1987) • Androginy depends on cultural factors

  4. Modelos de rasgos • Baltimore Study (Costa & MacCrae) • High stability has been found in the big five personality traits: • Neuroticism (emotional instability) • Extroversion - Introversion • Conscientiousness • Openness to experience • Agreeableness

  5. Emotional Instability and Age

  6. Results of Studies Focused on Big Five Traits Transverse studies • Neuroticism • Extroversion • Openness to experience • Agreeableness • Conscientiousness Longitudinal Studies • = Neuroticism • = Extroversion • = Openness to experience • ? Agreeableness • ? Conscientiousness Relatedtolifeevents

  7. Models of Development of “I” Models that emphasize goals and objectives as directing our behavior throughout life : • The “I” as essence: self-conception • The “I” as action: adaptation and self-regulation

  8. The “I” as content: Self-Conception • Criteria: • Continuity • Discriminative Relevance • Biographical significance • Diverse Content • Many Dimensions The self conception does not worsen: Negative affect decreases, as does positive affect A Paradox of Aging? Posible “I”s Sense of Control Self-esteem

  9. HedonicWellbeing, Happiness, and Age Stability in hedonicwellbeing; decline in eudaimonicwellbeing

  10. “I” as a Process: Self-regulation and Adaptation • Processes which regulate personal resources decide life’s trajectory • Continuity and positive valuation of self-conception are possible

  11. J. Brandtstädter and the Theory of the Action of Self • We look for coherence between our present self-conception and our goals • Two fundamental mechanisms: Assimilation and Accommodation Importance Perception of control Paliative significance

  12. Development of “I” and Aging • Assimilation and accommodation during aging maintain levels of wellbeing • Assimilation declines with age • Accommodation augments with age

  13. Assimilation, Accommodation and Continuity of “I” Throughout the Life Cycle • Strategies of Assimilation: • Compensative activities: External influences, alternative activities • Strategies of accommodation: • Change in the standards of comparison: • Changes in reference groups • Pessimistic vision of normal aging • Change in the vision of personal trajectory

  14. Assimilation, Accommodation, Regulation of the Loss and Reorganization of Self-Conception • Strategies of Accommodation: • Reassessment of goals:Tamping of ideals Older people are more satisfied with their roles and activities than younger people. • Substitution of some goals for others More realistic goals Changes in the priorities of life domains: health and physical environment.

  15. Assimilation, Accommodation, and Growth of “I” Model of stages: Erikson • Intimacy vs. Isolation (6th stage) 20-35 años Emotional compromise or the achievement of intimacy • Generative vs. Stationary (7th stage) 35-60 The search for transcendence Not limited to the adult years • Integrity vs. Desperation (8th stage) 60- Preparing to die, evaluating one’s life’s trajectory

  16. Generativity and Age

  17. Assimilation, Accommodation, and the Growth of “I” Gerotranscendence: • A quality that some people achieve in the last decades of their lives • Connected to concepts like interiority, wisdom, and integrity • Three Dimensions: • Cosmic Dimension • Dimension of Self • Social Dimension

  18. Levinson’s Model of Stages • Empirical study of 40 middle aged men (The seasons of a Man’s Life, 1978) • Focus on mid-life crisis • Meticulous interviews about family life, work, meaningful relationships, compromises, etc. • Structure of life • Follow-up study with female subjects

  19. Late Adult Transition: Age 60-65 Culminating life structure for middle adulthood: 55-60 Age 50 transition: 50-55 Entry life structure for middle adulthood 45-50 Era of late adulthood 60-? Era of late adulthood 60-? Mid-Life Transition: Age 40-45 Culminating life structure for early adulthood 33-40 Age 30 transition 26-23 Entry life structure for early adulthood 22-28 Culminating life structure for early adulthood 33-40 Age 30 transition 26-23 Entry life structure for early adulthood 22-28 Early Adult Transition: Age 17-22 Era of early adulthood 17-45 Levinson’s Model of Stages Changes in the structure of one’s life

  20. Mid-Life Crisis • Occurs in many adults during some part of middle age • Can last 2-5 years • Involves changes in friends, family and work • Subjects display depressive and addictive symptoms; renewed focus on physical self

  21. Models of LifeHistory • A person looks to narrate his own history in order to understand himself, those around him, and project himself into the future. • This process allows an individual to better grasp life’s events and the transitions that provoke changes in our persona; provides a sense of individuality. • It facilitates normative transitions • There is a tendency to maintain a positive life history

  22. Models of LifeHistory • Provides support fundamental to our identity • Directive Function • Social Function

  23. SomeConcepts • Reminiscence • Making memories of the past • Life Reflection • Source of growth • Not of daily life but decisive moments • Revision of life • Evaluative and therapeutic • Necessary?

  24. Some Concepts • Continuity or Stability • Evolutionary Transitions • Turning Points • Chance Encounters (Bandura) • Beginning of the accentuation of psychological characteristics

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