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Potentials of Living Labs for the Diffusion of Information Technology: A Conceptual Analysis

Potentials of Living Labs for the Diffusion of Information Technology: A Conceptual Analysis. Dorothée Zerwas Harald F.O. von Kortzfleisch Institute for Management University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany. Objectives. Development of a framework

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Potentials of Living Labs for the Diffusion of Information Technology: A Conceptual Analysis

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  1. Potentials of Living Labs for the Diffusion of Information Technology: A Conceptual Analysis Dorothée Zerwas Harald F.O. von Kortzfleisch Institute for Management University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany

  2. Objectives • Development of a framework • Conceptual analysis of the potentials of Living Labs for the diffusion of IT

  3. Agenda • Challenges for the Diffusion of IT • Living Labs • Diffusion Potentials of Living Labs • Conclusion and Further Research Needs • References

  4. Challenges for the Diffusion of IT (1/2) Characteristics of technological innovation Communication channels Social context Complexity of the artifact as an important impact factor for the diffusion of Information Technology Diversityofexchangeofinformation and experiences as an impact factor for the diffusion of Information Technology Suitability of solutions against the individual social context as an impact factor for the diffusion of Information Technology Figure 1: Factors of innovation diffusion (Peansupap et al. 2005)

  5. Challenges for the Diffusion of IT (2/2) Characteristics of technological innovation Communication channels Social context Complexity of the artifact as an important impact factor for the diffusion of Information Technology Diversity of exchange of information and experiences as an important impact factor Suitability of solutions against the individual social context as an important impact factor Reduction Admittance Facilitation

  6. Agenda • Challenges for the Diffusion of IT • Living Labs • Diffusion Potentials of Living Labs • Conclusion and Further Research Needs • References

  7. History and Tasks of Living Labs • Origin: Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston • Researcher: William Mitchell, former dean of MIT's School of Architecture and Planning Figure 2: Tasks of a Living Lab (Mulder et al. 2009)

  8. Living Lab Definitions and Characteristics Table 1: Analysis of Living Lab definitions

  9. Living Lab Definition Living Labs are open innovation and real testing environments in real life context, in which user-centred innovation is fully integrated into the co-creation process of new services and products.

  10. Diffusion of Information Technology via Living Labs Characteristics of technological innovation Communication channels Social context Technological complexity Communicative diversity Individual suitability Real testingenvironment User- centered design [1] [2] Charcacteristics of Living Labs

  11. Agenda • Challenges for the Diffusion of IT • Living Labs • Diffusion Potentials of Living Labs • Conclusion and Further Research Needs • References

  12. Real Testing Environments Betterunderstandingof • impactofnew innovative concepts • users’ behaviourwithinspecificsituations • potential cognitiveworkloadin interpretingreceivedsignals (Pallot et al. 2010) [3]

  13. Real Testing Environments - Technological Complexity • Bringing together different stakeholders in a room • Physical integration • Reduction of complexity • Space-metaphor: Virtual and real • Orientation • Clear distinction

  14. Real Testing Environments - Communicative Diversity New Models New Techniques Improvement of techniques to deal with growing data sets User experience research techniques Data aquisition techniques Data mining techniques Increasement of the quality of user experience and observation • Scenario and session models • User Models • Cooperation models

  15. Real Testing Environments - Individual suitability • Realisticdepictionofthesituationofusers • Influenceforemployees

  16. User-Centred Design Living Labs are characterized by the users as innovators approach, meaning that “the basic idea is not about using the users as ‘guinea pigs’ for experiments, it’s about getting access to their ideas and knowledge.” (Gonçalves et al. 2007, p. 283).

  17. User-Centred Design - Technological Complexity • Laboratories simulate individual context and potential behaviour • Technological complexity decreases • Participation of employees • Learning by doing

  18. User-Centred Design - Communicative Diversity Figure 3: User integrationmethods(Reichart 2002; Mulder et al. 2009; Schumacher et al. 2007)

  19. User-Centred Design - Individual suitability • Transport of implizit knowlegdethroughparticipation • Practicalknowledge “Great productideascomefrom a marriageofthedetailedunderstandingof a customerneedwiththe in-depthunderstandingoftechnology. The bestproductdesigns happen whentheproduct’sdesignersareinvolved in collectingandinterpretingcustomerdataandappreciatewhat real peopleneed.” (Holtzblatt 2001, p. 19)

  20. Agenda • Challenges for the Diffusion of IT • Living Labs • Diffusion Potentials of Living Labs • Conclusion and Further Research Needs • References

  21. Conclusion • Threechallenges • Technological complexity • Communicative diversity • Individual suitability Living Labs bring all stakeholdersearlyintothe R&D processbyuser-centered designandreal-testingenvironments • Discovery ofnewandemerginguserpatterns • Allowanceofearlyexperimentationandvalidation • Customizationorimprovmentofexisting IT

  22. User as “Co-Creator” and the Role of IT Professionals Figure 4: Tasks of an IT professional (Sanders et al. 2008)

  23. Dynamic Nature of the Diffusion Processes that Drives Innovation Figure 5: Integration of factors related to IT diffusion (Peansupap et al. 2006)

  24. Agenda • Challenges for the Diffusion of IT • Living Labs • Diffusion Potentials of Living Labs • Conclusion and Further Research Needs • References

  25. References I • Chesbrough, H. W. 2006. Open Innovation. The New Imperative for Creating And Profiting from Technology. Watertown: Harvard Business School Press. • Fichman, R. G. 1992. Information Technology Diffusion: A Review of Empirical Research. Cambridge: MIT Sloan School of Management. • Følstad, A. 2008. „Living Labs for Innovation and Development of Information and Communication Technology: A Literature Review,“ The Electronic Journal for Virtual Organizations and Networks (10), August, pp. 99-131. • Gonçalves, R. J., Müller, J. P., Mertins, K., and Zelm, M. 2007. Enterprise Interoperability II: New Challenges and Approaches. Heidelberg: Springer. • Holtzblatt, K. 2001. „Contextual Design: Experience in Real Life,“ in Mensch & Computer 2001: 1. Fachübergreifende Konferenz, H. Oberquelle, R. Oppermann and J. Krause (eds.), Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner, pp. 71-89. • Kusiak, A. 2007. „Innovation: The Living Laboratory Perspective,“ Computer-Aided Design & Applications (4; 6), pp. 863-876. • Living Labs Europe. 2010. What´s this thing called Living Labs Europe? User-Driven Innovation Environments in the ‘Information Society’.Copenhagen, Denmark: http://www.gencat.cat/diue/doc/doc_29961179_1.pdf. • Livinglabs. 2010. http://www.livinglabs.com.tw/En/index.html. • Media.mit II. 2010. http://www.media.mit.edu/about/mission-history.

  26. References II • Mulder, I., and Stappers, P. J. 2009. Co-creating in Practice: Results and Challenges. Delft/Rotterdam: ID-StudioLab, Delft University of Technology and Rotterdam University. • Nauwelaers, C., and Wintjes, R. 2006. SME policy and the Regional Dimension of Innovation Towards a New Paradigm for Innovation Policy?. Maastricht : University of Maastricht. • Pallot, M; Trousse, B.; Prinz, W.;Richir, S.; de Ruyter, B.;Rerolle, O.: Katzy, B.;Senach, B. 2010. „Living Labs Research.“ ECOSPACE Newsletter No 5”, AMI@Work Communities Wiki:http://www.ami-communities.eu/wiki/ECOSPACE_Newsletter_No_5. • Peansupap, V., and Walker, D. H. T. 2005. “Factors enabling information and communication technology diffusion and actual implementation in construction orgaisations,” ITcon (10), pp. 193-218. • Reichart, S. V. 2002. Kundenorientierung im Innovationsprozess. Wiesbaden: Gabler. • Sanders, E. B.-N., and Stappers, P. J. 2008. Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. http://www.informaworld.com/. • Santoro, R. 2009. Living Labs in Open Innovation Functional Regions. Rome: ESoCE-Net. • Schumacher, J., and Feurstein¸ K. 2007. Living Labs – the user as co-creator. Vorarlberg: Research Centre for Process- and Product-Engineering, University of Applied Sciences. • von Hippel, E. 1994. „"Sticky Information" and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation.” Management Science (40; 4), pp. 429-439.

  27. References III [1] http://www.usabilis.com/user-research-france/test-facilities-france.htm (18/09/2011) [2] http://culturewav.es/life/user-centered (18/09/2011) [3] http://www.clker.com/clipart-24321.html (18/09/2011) [4] http://banquefrancolao.com/contact_us.aspx (18/09/2011)

  28. Contact Dorothée Zerwas Harald F.O. von Kortzfleisch University of Koblenz-Landau Computer Science Faculty Institute for Management Research Group MI²EO Universitätsstr. 1 56070 Koblenz Germany Phone: +49 261 287 2523 Email: harald.von.kortzfleisch@uni-koblenz.de University of Koblenz-Landau Computer Science Faculty Institute for Management Research Group MI²EO Universitätsstr. 1 56070 Koblenz Germany Phone: +49 261 287 2864 Email: Dorothee.Zerwas@uni-koblenz.de [3] Webseite MI²EO: http://www.uni-koblenz-landau.de/koblenz/fb4/institute/ifm/agvonkortzfleisch

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