Bacteria

1. Bacteria I.All bacteria are Prokaryotes- single celled organisms that lack a nucleus.

2. CellWall Ribosome Cell membrane Peptidoglycan Flagellum DNA Pilli

5. II. Classifying Prokaryotes- all prokaryotes were once in • Kingdom Monera; now divided into 2 kingdoms • A.Kingdom Eubacteria • 1. Largest group • 2. Can live almost anywhere, even in your • intestines (ex. E.-coli) • 3. Have cell walls • 4. Unicellular • B. Kingdom Archaeabacteria • Live in extreme environments (ex. Methanogens and Halophiles) • Have cell walls • Unicellular

6. E-coli in human intestines provides vitamin K and some of the B vitamins

7. Dead Sea Archaebacteria- Extreme Environments Halophiles- “Salt Lovers”

8. Archaebacteria- Extreme Environments Methanogens- Live in lots of Methane

9. Archaebacteria- Extreme EnvironmentsThermophiles- Extrme “Temperature Lovers”

10. III. Identifying Prokaryotes- use shape, cell wall chemical structure, movement method of obtaining energy and releasing energy, and growth and reproduction. • Shape- 3 types • 1. Bacilli-rod shaped • 2. Cocci- sphere shaped • 3. Spirilla- corkscrew shaped

11. Identify the following:

12. B. Cell wall structure- 2 types, identified by Gram staining (used for prescribing antibiotics) • Cell wall containing mainly • peptidoglycan appear purple = GramPositive. • Cell wall with extra outer layer of • lipids appear red = GramNegative

13. Which of these bacteria are gram positive?

14. C. Movement- some have flagella (long whip-like tail), some glide on slime, some don’t move

16. D. Obtaining Energy • 1. Producers-(Autotrophs) make their own food • a. Examples: Cyanobacteria – carry out • photosynthesis • 2.Consumers- (Heterotrophs) most prokaryotes consume food.

17. E. Releasing energy- 3 ways to release energy from food. • Aerobes- use cellular respiration, need oxygen • 2. Anaerobes- use fermentation, poisoned by oxygen • 3. Facultative anaerobes- use fermentation or cellular respiration (can live anywhere)

18. F. Growth and Reproduction • Binary fission- asexual reproduction, produces two identical daughters cells, most bacteria do this

21. III. E.Q. What role do bacteria play in nature? • Producers- capture sun’s energy through photosynthesis, food source for consumers and produce oxygen • B. Decomposers- bacteria help recycle nutrients by breaking down dead organisms; they break down complex compounds into simpler ones.

22. C. Nitrogen Fixers- bacteria are the only known organisms that can convert nitrogen into a form that plants are able to use. 1. Some plants (legumes) even have a symbiotic relationship in which bacteria live on their roots and help them absorb nitrogen.

23. D. Foods- Bacteria are used in the processw of making foods such as

24. D. Disease causers- (pathogens) • Pathogens cause disease 2 ways. • Bacteria can break down body tissue-Tuberculosis • b. Bacteria can release toxins (poisons). Streptococcus- toxins cause rash called scarlet fever.

27. IV. Prevention and Treatment • Prevent bacterial diseases with vaccines, made from another form of the bacteria, stimulates immune system. • B. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics, substances that stop bacterial reproduction. • C. Controlling bacteria- sterilization destroys bacteria by using great heat or chemicals.

29. Ribosome The Structure of a Eubacterium Section 19-1 Cell wall Cell Membrane Peptidoglycan DNA Flagellum Pilli Go to Section:

30. I. What is a virus? A. Virus comes from the Latin word for poison. B. Viruses can only be seen with Electron Microscope C. Non-cellular particle made up of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat. Not considered to be living things! D. Parasites! CANNOT carry out life processes unless within a host (living cell). Usually host specific- infect only one type of host.

31. RNA DNA Capsid RNA Capsid Capsid Tail Tail fiber Surface proteins Envelope Figure 19-13 Virus Structures Section 19-3 Tobacco Mosaic Virus T4 Bacteriophage Influenza Virus Go to Section:

32. II. Viral Diseases A. Mostly caused by virus destroying cells in body. B. Cause human diseases such as polio, measles, AIDS, and the common cold C. CANNOT be treated with antibiotics D. Best Protection is prevention - Prevented by safe practices or Vaccine if available. (Vaccines must be used before infection begins)

35. Rabies

36. SARS- flu-like virus that leads to severe pneumonia

37. Ebola virus- liquification of internal organs and severe bleed out

38. E. Oncogenic Viruses cause cancer b/c their DNA disrupts the normal growth of cells F. Retorviruses- RNA – genetic information copied backward- from RNA to DNA example: AIDS

40. III. Kinds of Viruses A. Viruses are classified by their shape, the kind of hereditary material they contain, organism that they infect and reproduction. B. The protein that covers a virus gives it its shape. C. Viruses are often named for the disease that they cause (Polio) or the organ or tissue that they infect (SARS).

41. IV. Viruses are generally destructive. A. Why? Virus has to be inside a living cell to reproduce. The cell that it reproduces in is a host cell. A virus destroys its host cell. How? 1. Lytic Cycle -how a virus reproduces a. When a virus enters a cell and is active it causes the cell to make new viruses. This will eventually destroy the host cell.

42. V. Steps of Lytic Cycle 1. Attach-virus attaches to the surface of a cell 2. Inject- the hereditary material of the virus injects itself into the cell. 3. Copy-the viral DNA takes control of the cell and the cell begins to make new virus particles. 4. Assembles- viral particle are assembled into new viruses 5. Release-the cell bursts open and hundreds of new virus particles are released. These new virus particles go on to infect other cells.

43. Figure 19-14 The Lytic Cycle Attach Section 19-3 Bacteriophage protein coat Bacteriophage DNA Release Bacterial chromosome Lytic Cycle Inject Assemble Bacteriophage Bacteriophage DNA Bacteriophage protein Copy Go to Section:

45. VI. Lysogenic Cycle- When viral DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA without immediately destroying the cell or making new viruses. A. This is a latent virus; can exist inside host cells for many years. Can become active at any time. Ex- Cold sores.

46. VII. Steps of Lysogenic cycle 1. Virus attaches to the cell and injects hereditary material into the cell. 2. Virus becomes part of the cell’s DNA. 3. Cell divides, creating viral DNA along with its own DNA. 4. This can happen for years until virus becomes active 5. Then it will enter the lytic cycle

47. Figure 19-15 A Lysogenic Infection Section 19-3 a) Virus attaches and invades c) Viral DNA separates from Cell’s DNA and becomes active Bacterial chromosome Bacteriophage DNA c) Cell divides Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle e) Cell breaks open and Releases virus Prophage b) Virus’ DNA becomes Part of Cell’s DNA d) New viruses are made Go to Section:

49. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Mad Cow Disease

50. VIII. Prions- no genetic material (DNA nor RNA) only protein which infects the nervous tissue of the brain (scientists think they cause Mad Cow Disease).