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Fig. 4-CO, p. 97

Fig. 4-CO, p. 97. Fig. 4-1, p. 99. Fig. 4-2a, p. 100. Beam of sound waves travels to bottom and is reflected back to ship. Depth = V ( T /2). Fig. 4-2a, p. 100. Fig. 4-2b, p. 100. Measured depth is less than actual depth. Sound beam emitted by

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Fig. 4-CO, p. 97

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  1. Fig. 4-CO, p. 97

  2. Fig. 4-1, p. 99

  3. Fig. 4-2a, p. 100

  4. Beam of sound waves travels to bottom and is reflected back to ship Depth = V (T/2) Fig. 4-2a, p. 100

  5. Fig. 4-2b, p. 100

  6. Measured depth is less than actual depth Sound beam emitted by echo sounder (beam angle is exaggerated) equals true depth Measured depth beneath vessel True depth immediately Seafloor Fig. 4-2b, p. 100

  7. Fig. 4-2c, p. 100

  8. Fig. 4-3, p. 101

  9. Fig. 4-4a, p. 101

  10. Fig. 4-4b, p. 101

  11. Box 4-1a, p. 102

  12. Box 4-1b, p. 103

  13. 500 1,000 1,500 Depth (m) 2,000 −200 −400 X (m) 2,500 −600 −800 3,000 −5,000 −5,500 −6,000 Y (m) Box 4-1b, p. 103

  14. Box 4-1c, p. 103

  15. 49 46.5 49 46.0 Latitude 49 45.5 −130 −130 −130 −130 −16.5 −16.0 −15.5 −15.0 Longitude Box 4-1c, p. 103

  16. Fig. 4-5a, p. 104

  17. Geosat Orbit h Sea Surface Ocean Seafloor Crust Fig. 4-5b, p. 104

  18. Fig. 4-5c, p. 104

  19. Fig. 4-6, p. 105

  20. Fig. 4-6a, p. 105

  21. Fig. 4-6b, p. 105

  22. Height in meters Height in feet Sierra Nevada Rocky Mountains 4,572 15,000 Appalachian Mountains 3,048 10,000 1,524 5,000 0 0 –1,524 –5,000 –10,000 –3,048 –15,000 –4,572 Atlantic Ridge Africa South America –20,000 –6,096 0 100 200 300 400 500 Horizontal scale in nautical miles Depth in feet 0 200 400 600 800 926 Depth in meters Horizontal scale in kilometers Vertical x 100 Fig. 4-6b, p. 105

  23. Fig. 4-7, p. 105

  24. Earth’s area (hundreds of millions of square kilometers) Mount Everest 8.85 km (5.5 mi) Elevation (kilometers) Elevation (miles) Mean land elevation 840 m (2,760 ft) Sea level Mean depth of sea 3,796 m (12,451 ft) Depth (miles) Depth (kilometers) Mariana Trench ~11 km % Earth’s area at this elevation or higher Fig. 4-7, p. 105

  25. Fig. 4-8, p. 106

  26. Deep-ocean basin Continental margin Continental margin Submarine canyon profile (cut through continental shelf) Sediment Continental shelf Continental slope Oceanic ridge Sediment Continental rise Continental crust (granitic) Continental crust (granitic) Oceanic crust (basaltic) Oceanic crust (basaltic) Asthenosphere Fig. 4-8, p. 106

  27. Fig. 4-9, p. 106

  28. Continental mountains 10.3% Ocean 70.8% Land 29.2% Oceanic ridges 22.1% Continental lowlands 18.9% Continental shelves and slopes 11.4% Ocean basin floors 29.8% Volcanic island arcs, trenches, submarine volcanoes, and hills 3.7% Continental rise 3.8% Oceanic crust Continental crust Fig. 4-9, p. 106

  29. Fig. 4-10, p. 107

  30. Narrow continental shelf An active margin A passive margin Peru–Chile Trench Plate boundary Andes Mountains Plate boundary Broad continental shelf South America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean South American Plate Deep basin Nazca Plate African Plate Plate movement Plate movement Plate movement Subduction zone (deep and shallow earthquakes) Mid-Atlantic Ridge (spreading centers, shallow earthquakes) Fig. 4-10, p. 107

  31. Fig. 4-11, p. 108

  32. Distance from shore (miles) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Continental margin Continental shelf Sea level 0 0 Shelf break (~140 m, 460 ft) 1 Continental rise 1 Depth (km) (sediment thickness varies) Depth (miles) 2 3 2 Continental slope 4 Deep-ocean floor 3 5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 Vertical exaggeration 50:1. Distance from shore (km) Sea level 0 Depth (km) 4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 No vertical exaggeration. Fig. 4-11, p. 108

  33. Fig. 4-12, p. 108

  34. Fig. 4-13, p. 109

  35. Fig. 4-14, p. 109

  36. Fig. 4-15, p. 110

  37. Today’s sea level 0 0 Height above or below present sea level (m) Height above or below present sea level (ft) –426 –130 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 Years before present Fig. 4-15, p. 110

  38. Fig. 4-16, p. 111

  39. Canyon heads Shelf break Continental shelf Deep-sea fan Continental slope Distribution channel Fig. 4-16, p. 111

  40. Fig. 4-17, p. 111

  41. Fig. 4-18, p. 112

  42. Fig. 4-19, p. 112

  43. Fig. 4-20, p. 112

  44. Feet Meters 4,390 14,400 15,000 4,570 0 1 2 3 4 5 Miles 15,600 4,760 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kilometers Depth Fig. 4-20, p. 112

  45. Fig. 4-21a, p. 114

  46. Mid-Atlantic Ridge Juan de Fuca Ridge 2.6 East Pacific Rise (Ridge) 3.8 5.5 15.7 2.8 10.7 9.5 9.5 Indian Ridge 6.4 6.4 1.5 Pacific–Antarctic Ridge Fig. 4-21a, p. 114

  47. Fig. 4-21b, p. 114

  48. Fig. 4-22, p. 115

  49. Fig. 4-23a, p. 116

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