Grammar Notes wk 3

1. Grammar Notes wk 3 Commas

2. Introductory Elements: Rule 1 • Use commas after certain introductory elements. • Use a comma to set off a mild exclamation, such as well, oh, or why at the beginning of a sentence. Other introductory words such as yes and no are also set off with commas.

3. Examples: • Why, you’re Andy’s brother, aren’t you? • Yes, she’s going to the cafeteria.

4. Introductory Elements: Rule 2 • Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. • Ex. Switching on a flashlight, the ranger led the way down the path. • Given a choice, I would rather work in the yard early in the morning.

5. Introductory Elements: Rule 3 • Use a comma after two or more introductory prepositional phrases or after a long one. • Ex. Near the door to the garage, you will find hooks for the car keys. • By the time they had finished, the boys were exhausted.

6. Introductory elements: Rule 4 • Use a comma after an introductory adverb clause. • Ex. After Jeremiah had played his last guitar concert, the audience applauded for more than fifteen minutes. • If you see smoke, you know there is a fire.

7. Practice: Where should the commas be? • Although there was a great deal of poverty in China the ruling classes lived in splendor. • Valuing cleanliness Chinese rulers took baths every day. • Instead of using coins as currency the Chines used paper money. • After marrying a Chinese woman usually lived in her mother-in-law’s home.

8. Independent Practice Exercise 8: page 654 Correcting Sentences with Introductory Elements by adding commas Complete # 5-9 in your grammar notes

9. Comma notes: Interrupters Rule 1 • Use commas to set off elements that interrupt the sentence. • EX. His guitar,according to him, once belonged to Bo Diddley. • Mr. Gonzalez, my civics teacher, encouraged me to enter my essay in the contest.

10. Interrupters: Rule 2 • Non essential appositives (and phrases) should be set off with commas. • Their new parrot, Nina, is very gentle. • Elizabeth Pena, my favorite actress, stars in the movie I rented. • Essential phrases do not need a comma! We art club members made the decorations. (explains who is meant by we)

11. Do we need commas? My cousin consulted Dr. Moniz an allergy specialist about the harmful effects of pollution. Ecology an obscure word forty years ago is now a popular term. The word ecology comes from oikos, the Greek word meaning “house.”

12. Practice: • P. 655 Exercise 9 • Correcting Sentences with Appositives and Appositive phrases by adding commas • Complete # 3-7 in your grammar notes

13. Words in direct Address: • Words in direct address are set off by commas. • Ex. Linda, you know the rules. • I did that exercise last night, Mr. Smith. • Sir, are these your keys? • Your room, Bernice, needs cleaning.

14. Practice: • Dad why can’t I go to the movies? • As soon as you’re ready Virginia we’ll leave. • Yes Mom I washed the dishes. • What we need Mayor Wilson are more playgrounds. • Will you answer the last question Jim?

15. Independent Practice: • P. 656 Exercise 10 • Correcting sentences with words in direct address by adding commas • Complete # 6-10 in your grammar notes

16. Conventional uses of commas: • Use commas to separate items in dates and addresses. • After Tuesday, November 23, 2001, address all orders to Emeryville, CA 94608 • Please send your cards by November 23, 2000, to 7000 Broad Street, Emeryville, CA 94608.

17. Commas are not needed if the date precedes the month or if only the month and year are given. • Ex. President Clinton took office on 20 January 1993. • Hurricane Andrew hit Florida in August 1992.

18. Conventional uses: • Use a comma after the salutation of a personal letter. • EX. • Dear Dr. Cockerham, • Dear Mr. London, • Sincerely yours, • Yours truly,

19. Independent Practice: P. 659 Exercise Review D Correcting sentences by Adding Commas Complete # 2-6 in grammar notes