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World War I

World War I. Technology + institutions + weapons = European Dominance. Imperialism The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial conquest or by establishing economic or political dominance over a weaker nation.

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World War I

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  1. World War I

  2. Technology + institutions + weapons = European Dominance Imperialism The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial conquest or by establishing economic or political dominance over a weakernation. OLD IMPERIALISM - seizing land and settling it with native peoples or establishing trading centers to exploit resources of conquered areas. (Old World Powers of Spain Portugal and the Netherlands - see p 892) • NEW IMPERIALISM - • European nations invested money in “less industrialized countries to develop roads, mines, agriculture, harbors, railroads and telegraph systems • Employed large numbers of natives in the process - transformed local economy and culture • To safeguard investments, European nations make arrangements with local governments to loan rulers money or intimidate them with power (economic + political takeovers) • If this fails, dominant nations exercise more direct political control by annexing the territory or making the area a protectorate so the local leader is a figurehead. This is achieved with military power) SPHERES OF INFLUENCE • Included old and new nation-states: England, France, Russia, Germany, Italy, Japan

  3. It all began with Imperialism WHY? • Economics a. More markets, raw materials, workers and investments b. Hobson and Lenin - Imperialism is mono - dying stage of capitalism • Social - Our Duty a. Social Darwinism - “survival of the fittest” “White Man’s Burden” b. Religious conversion - Boxer Rebellion - needed pol + mil support c. Deflect concern over domestic policies • Politically - Protect holdings, larger empires increased military and economy a. England in Egypt (Suez), Sudan (to protect E), Fashoda, Boer Wars b. France in Algiers, Tunisia, Morocco, West Africa, Congo c. Belgians in the Congo - We didn’t start the fire • Strategic Locations Germany is “Stuck in the Middle with You” (GEA GSWA, Cameroon) “My map of Africa is in Europe” (Here is Russia, there is France) • Power “ Boys and their Toys” Japan, Russia, France, Germany = ENGLAND HOW? • Superior Technology in industry and agriculture • Nation-States combined the resources of the state behind one common goal • Weapons • Better systems of communication and transportation • Superiority of empires: Scramble for Africa, spheres of influence in Asia

  4. England: Sun Never Sets on the English Empire Egypt Sudan Fashoda France: Looking for friends in all the right places: Fashoda Morocco Tunisia Germany: The Honest Broker Our place in the Sun Italy: Irredente

  5. Russo-Japanese War - Under Witte, Russia was building the Trans-Siberian Railroad. With France and Germany, forced Japan out of Port Arthur. Open Door Policy - Supported by All But Russia

  6. Alliances played a key role Otto Von Bismarck Wanted to decrease French Resentment with friendly Gestures. If that failed Goals: Isolate France Avoid a war on two fronts

  7. Austria, Germany, and Russia Balancing act to keep Austria and Russia together because of rivalries in the Balkans. It collapsed with Russo-Turkish War 1875 - 1878 (MRS. B) v. Ottomans taking Bosnia/Herzegovina Russia got involved for (1) control of Dardanelles, (2)conflicted with Austrian demands for control of Slavs in Balkans. Serbia is the KEY Treaty of San Stefano - freed slavs and gave Russia territory and money but alarmed other nations - Jingoism “ Congress of Berlin 1878 - Bismarck as the Honest Broker - Eastern Question Bulgaria was reduced, Austria gets Bosnia, Britain gets Cypress and France Tunisia Russia is mad, Bulgaria wants land back, Romania wanted Bessarabia (Russia got it) Three Emperors League 1873 Germany Russia Austria This won’t be easy

  8. Balkans after San Stefano

  9. Dual Alliance 1879 Austria and Germany sign a defense pact. There is a horse and a rider. Germany is the horse Mistake or Genius “Balkan Question” can never be a motive for war” Republican v. Cossack would never happen Russia would be frightened and return to Germany Three Emperors Renewed 1881 Russia felt isolated, approached Germany Austria gets Bosnia & Russia closes Dardanelles if attacked Allayed German fears of Franco-Russian pact Allayed Russian fears of uniting Austria & Britain or German and Austrian Pact Lapsed after 5 Years Dual Alliance and The Return of the Three Emperors

  10. Germany Bismarck the Genius Triple Alliance 1882  Italyjoins over Tunisia  France is isolated  Russia restored after 1886 lapse [Reinsurance Treaty] 1887 Renewal of 3 Emperors  Germany is friends with everyone, including England Triple Alliance and Reinsurance Treaty 1887 Austria Italy Russia

  11. Bismarck is Fired!What was Wilhelm Thinking? Wilhelm II • “place in the sun” Bismarck • Clear and limited idea of nation goals • Resisted expansion • Used diplomacy over war (alliances) • Understood needs and hopes of other countries • Real Reasons • Whenever I wrote to Otto I kept forgetting to insert the “C” in his last name • I’m still miffed that he tricked me into thinking the Junkers were the guys on Sanford & Son • Cause I’m the King and I can do whatever I want nyeh,nyeh • I swear my grandpappy’s last words were “Screw up everything I’ve worked for • It’s time to prove that England is not the only country that can survive in-bred crazy monarchs • He giggled every time I said Schleswig or Holstein • I want you to listen to me very carefully “I did not have political relations with that man - Bismarck

  12. Road to the Triple Entente Franco-Russian Pact 1894 Reinsurance not renewed (Caprivi wanted England & Germany) Britain remained in “Splendid Isolation” Reactionary and Revolutionary join as France financing Russia Entente Cordiale 1904 Germany stops “Capetown to Cairo” and congratulates Boers German navy increased to #2 under Tirpritz Alliance with Japan to stop Russia in Asia England gave France free reign in Morocco in return for control in Egypt - settled colonial problems. First Moroccan Crisis - French in control Anglo-Russian Alliance 1907 Brits worried over “Berlin to Baghdad” and German naval power Felt closer to France Settled Russo-British troubles in Asia England

  13. the Triple Entente France 1907 Russia England

  14. Balkans Pave the Road Bosnian Crisis 1908 • Austria & Russia move in before Young Turks can revive the Ottoman Empire. Austria takes Bosnia, Russia to get Dardanelles but allies make Russia back off under pressure from England and France. Serbia is angered when Austria gets Bosnia. GERMANY NOT HAPPY WITH THE RIDER Second Moroccan Crisis 1911 • French move to end revolt in Morocco when Germany sent gunboat Panther to protect German citizens. Britain was upset over naval race with Germany because they had to raise taxes to pay for it and they assumed Germans would stay in Morocco. France took some land in Congo and Germany recognized French sovereignty in Morocco. Solidified Entente Cordiale First Balkan War 1911 • Italy takes Libya from Turks -BGMS beat Turks but argue over Macedonia • Austria moved to block Serbian power but S is protected by Russia • Albania is created Second Balkan War 1913 • Austria and Russia both pressured to go to war • Bulgaria v. Balkans over Macedonia • Serbia moved back into Albania but forced to withdraw under Austrian pressure

  15. POWDER KEG

  16. The Spark A 19 year old tubercular Bosnian Serb student. A member of ("Young Bosnia"), a movement dedicated to a Bosnia free of Hapsburg rule. He and his six fellow assassins were equipped with pistols and bombs by a Serbian terrorist organization known as the Black Hand. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie in Sarajevo (1914)

  17. Alliances resulted in dominos July 28th Austria declared war on Serbia Germany issued a “Blank Check” July 30th Russia mobilized its army August 1st Germany declared war on Russia August 3rd Germany declared War on France Germany violated Belgian neutrality August 4th England declared war on Germany

  18. Plan XVII The aim of Plan XVII, devised by Ferdinand Foch in the wake of the humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War, was the recapture of the territory of Alsace and Lorraine. Entirely offensive in nature, Plan XVII made extensive use of the belief in the mystical élan vital assumed to be instilled within every Frenchman - a fighting spirit capable of turning back any enemy by its sheer power. It assumed the average French soldier to be more than a match for its German counterpart. Plan XVII called for an advance by four French Armies into Alsace-Lorraine by the southern wing of the invasion forces whilst the northern wing would advance into Germany via the southern Ardennes forests

  19. Schlieffen Plan To deal with a potential two front war against France and Russia the plan focused on weaknesses - the slow mobilization of Russia, and the determination to attack at all cost the French army. The initial attack was to be made in the west, while small holding forces gave way slowly against the Russians. It was confidently expected that on the outbreak of war the French would launch an invasion of Germany through Alsace-Lorraine, the best invasion route on the Franco-German border. The German plan was simply to mass 90% of their troops - some 35 corps - to the north, and march them through neutral Belgium and Holland, sweeping round to the west of Paris, enveloping the French army, who would have been allowed to make some progress into Germany. The French army would then find itself attacked from the rear, with Paris threatened or lost. The Germans came within 12 miles of Paris in the First Battle of the Marne.

  20. Stalemate on the Western Front German forces stormed into Belgium who mounted an inspired defense. Frustrated the Germans treated the Belgians with great brutality. These actions were widely reported in the press; a body of anti-German sentiment began to grow in the United States. The Germans were further thrown off stride by the Russians' ability to put armies quickly into the field. The Battle of Tannenburg while a costly defeat for Russia, did force Germany to withdraw western soldiers for the campaign in East Prussia. The result was a stalemate and series of trenches stretching 475 milesfrom Switzerland to the North Sea.

  21. War in the East

  22. War resumes in the West Battle of Verdun– Germans sought to inflict heavy casualties on French. French held off Germans and inflicted as many casualties on Germans Henri Petain becomes national hero “hey Shall Not Pass” Battle of the Somme –Allies tried major offense joined by Russians in East but German defense was superior Battle at Sea –Britain blockaded North Sea to starve out Germans Germans responded with submarine warfare by declaring waters around British Isles a war zone 1917 – America Enters the War on April 6th

  23. Russian Revolution Causes: 1. War put too many demands on Russian resources. 2. Government was too slow to respond to soldiers’ needs especially with trains and shipments. (Russian army was ill equipped to fight because Russia was an agrarian based economy with underdeveloped industry, transportation, and communication.) 3. Nicholas II was not exactly brilliant; after all, he left his wife home alone with Rasputin and dismissed the Duma. 4. Large war losses led to hunger, strikes, and disorganization in the army. Political Parties 1. Constitutional Democrats (Cadets) 2. Social Revolutionaries (Populists) Socialists 3. Social Democrats (Bolsheviks and Lenin)

  24. Provisional Government Established When Tsar Abdicates 1. As a result of many strikes and demonstrations and the desertion of his troops, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his throne on March 15th. 2. Duma formed provisional government but most members were Cadets 3. Social Revolutionaries and Social Democrats (Mensheviks) organized workers into Soviets (Councils). Marxists were waiting for bourgeois stage before revolt. Willing to work with Cadets but ….. 4. Provisional government (Cadets) made mistakes. They failed to control the army or purge conservatives in government BUT they continued to fight the Germans. Things collapsed when they renewed a Russian offensive and failed. A moderate socialist, Kerensky took over but he also failed because he did not seize the large estates of landowners and distribute the land to the peasant. 5. Germans find Lenin (in exile) and ship him back to Russia. Lenin sought an alliance with workers and peasants (his goal to join both groups for communist revolution) so he promised them, PEACE, LAND, and BREAD. Lenin also demanded all political power go to the soviets but when his coup failed, he fled and his enforcer, Trotsky, was imprisoned. (Summer 1917) 6. Lenin gets another chance. Trotsky, released from jail and in control of the Petrograd soviet, organized another coup in November and launched an armed assault on the provisional government. [Jan. 1918] This time they succeed.

  25. Communist Dictatorship 1. Social Revolutionaries held the majority in the new Constituent Assembly so it was dispersed by the RED army. 2. All other political parties were ended 3. Land was Nationalized and turned over to peasants 4. Factory workers were put in charge of factories 5. Banks were seized for the state and debt of tsar was repudiated 6. Church property went to state 7. Formed a secret police, Cheka, to control opposition 8. Bolsheviks took Russia out of the war when they signed the TREATY OF BREST- LITOVSK Civil War 1.The Bolshevik Revolution caught opponents by surprise but by 1918 they regrouped and fought the new Red Army. These opponents of Communism were the White Russians who lost because a. Trotsky, Lenin and the Reds were united while the White army was not b. Trotsky was a strong leader and had no trouble killing any one who disobeyed c. Trotsky enforced War Communism – seized grain from peasants to feed the people, rationed, nationalized banks, factories & required every one to work d. Invasion of foreign armies brought the Russian together through nationalism

  26. Treaty of Versailles Roadmap for the 20th century GERMANY is punished Land oMust surrender Alsace and Lorraine to the French oSara Valley goes to the League of Nations (France used its coal for 15 years but its population is mostly German oPolish Corridor is the New Poland but land separates E. Prussia from Germany oDazing creates a Baltic Seaport for Poland but placed under the control of the League of Nations oRhineland is occupied for 15 years as a DMZ oALL COLONIES WERE GIVEN TO ALLIES AS MANDATES (allies entrusted to administer the colony) Army and Navy were disarmed oArmy limited to 100,000 volunteers oNavy limited to Coastal Support WAR GUILT CLAUSE oGERMANY must accept ALL blame for the War oForced to pay reparations that totaled $300 billion at one point oDawes Plan of 1924 created orderly payments oYoung Plan of 1929 lowered the payments And the Victors get the Spoils England France Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq Syria Union of South Africa Lebanon German colonies in Africa Italy Japan Trentino German colonies in the Pacific and Asia S. Tyrol

  27. New Nations Austria Hungary Czechoslovakia from Austria-Hungary Yugoslavia from Serbia and Montenegro Finland Poland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Romania from Transylvania Bulgaria lost access to Aegean Sea • RESULTS: • Political • U.S. emerged as a world leader • Three empires collapsed (RAH) • New Nation-States were formed • League of Nations was founded • Several European Nations turned to Dictators to lead (RIG) • Economic Impact • $350 million • countries had to raise taxes and standard of living fell • International trade declined due to taxes and tariffs • Russia turned to NEP • Depression and Keynesian Economics • Social Impact • 10 million soldiers dead • 20 million civilians dead • DISILLUSIONMENT HATRED NATIONALISM

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