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Importance of Sanitary Practices for Community Members for Reducing Cyclosporiasis

Michele E. Chester PhD in Community Health Community Health Promotion and Education Walden University PUBH 8165-10 Instructor: Dr. Raymond Thorn Fall 2010. Importance of Sanitary Practices for Community Members for Reducing Cyclosporiasis. What Causes the Disease Cyclosporiasis ?.

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Importance of Sanitary Practices for Community Members for Reducing Cyclosporiasis

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  1. Michele E. Chester PhD in Community Health Community Health Promotion and Education Walden University PUBH 8165-10 Instructor: Dr. Raymond Thorn Fall 2010 Importance of Sanitary Practices for Community Members for Reducing Cyclosporiasis

  2. What Causes the Disease Cyclosporiasis? Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite that affects the intestinal tract of humans. This parasite produces oocysts that once sporulated, produce two sporocysts. Each sporocyst contains two sporozoites. The release of the sporozoites is the cause of the infection in humans.

  3. Guatemala Venezuela Peru Canada United States Some Countries Where CyclosporiasisIncidences Occur

  4. Mild to severe nausea Anorexia Abdominal cramping Fatigue Weight loss Watery Diarrhea that can last up to nine weeks and/or may alternate disease and remission cycles. Sterling & Ortega, 1999. Signs and Symptoms of Cyclosporiasis Infection

  5. May be asymptomatic in older children and adults due to a partial immunity effect in endemic areas. Young children are more likely to exhibit symptoms. Onset of symptoms may be between 1-14 days after exposure. In endemic areas, onset of symptoms may begin 5-8 days after exposure and may persist for a month or more. Karanja; Gatei; & Wamae, 2007. Signs and Symptoms of Cyclosporiasis Infection

  6. C. cayetanesis can be found in the soil that has been contaminated with human feces. It has been found in the water supply. Raspberries have been implicated in Foodborne outbreaks due to farmers utilizing irrigated water supplies that had become contaminated. Fleming; Caron; Gunn; & Barry, 1998; Chacin-Bonilla; Barrios; & Sanchez, 2007. Modes of Cyclosporiasis Transmission

  7. People living in crowed homes. Not having indoor toilet facilities. Using or drinking untreated water. Contaminated recreational water sources. Children playing in soil that has been contaminated with human feces. Bern et al, 1999. Other Links to Possible Risk of Cyclosporiasis Transmission

  8. In 1996, the US 1,465 cases of Cyclospora cayetanensis were reported from 20 states, including the District of Columbia, and two Canadian Provinces; 978 (67%) case were laboratory confirmed. Traceback of cases were attributable to Raspberries coming from Guatemala. Sterling & Ortega, 1999. Statistics from a Few Select Cases and Studies

  9. In Venezuela, Cyclospora cayetanensis has been linked to having no toilet in the home, the home being a hut, and having contact with feces soil. Children aged 6-15 had the highest risk rates for Cyclospora cayetanensis. Chacin-Bonilla; Barrios; & Sanchez, 2007. Statistics from a Few Select Cases and Studies

  10. Awareness Campaigns Health educational programs Housing and sanitation improvements Safe water treatment techniques for agriculture Possible Solutions to the Problem

  11. Engage the community leaders, Peace Corps Volunteers, and the Ministers of Health of endemic countries. Provide a covered and separate facility for human waste elimination purposes. Adequate safe water supplies for drinking and recreational usage. Possible Solutions to the Problem

  12. Has anyone encountered an outbreak of Cyclospora cayetanensis while in their host country? Has anyone encountered a foodborne outbreak of Cyclospora cayetanensis? Before this presentation, has anyone ever heard of Cyclospora cayetanensis? Questions for the Audience

  13. The first know human case of Cyclospora cayetanensis was diagnosed in 1977? That before 1996, there were only three outbreaks within the US? That the Cyclospora cayetanensis parasiteneeds from days to weeks after passing from bowels to the environment before becoming infectious? That humans are the only host for Cyclospora cayetanensis parasite? Powell, no date; Sterling & Ortega, 1999. Cyclospora cayetanensis Trivia: Did You Know?

  14. Bern et al, 2002. Epidemiologic differences between Cyclosporiasis and Cryptosporidiosis in Peruvian children. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8, 6, 581-585. Beuchat, L., 2002. Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables. Microbes and Infection, 4, 413–423. Dillingham, R.; Lima, A.; & Guerrant, R., 2002. Cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology and impact. Microbes and Infection, 4, 1059–1066. Herwaldt, B., 2000. Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review, focusing on the outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis in the 1990s. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 31, 1040–57. Sigua, G.; Schneider, K.; Goodrich, R.; Mahovic, M.; & Shukla, R., no date. Preventing foodborne illness: Cyclospora cayetanensis retrieved from:http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs130, on 21 Oct. 2010. Additional Resources

  15. Bern et al, 1999. Epidemiologic studies of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Guatemala. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5, 6, 766-774. Chacin-Bonilla, L., 2010. Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review focusing in endemic areas. Acta Tropica, 115, 181-193. Chacin-Bonilla, L.; Barrios, F.; & Sanchez, Y., 2007. Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in San Carlos Island, Venezuela; strong association between socio-economic status and infection. The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101, 1018-1024. Fleming, C.; Caron, D.; Gunn. J; & Barry, A., 1998. A foodborne outbreak of Cyclospora cayetanensis at a wedding. Arch Intern Med. 158, 1121-1125. References

  16. Karanja, R.; Gatei, W.; & Wamae, N, 2007. Cycolsporiasis: an emerging public health concern around the world and Africa. African Health Sciences, 7, 2, 62-67. Powell, D., no date. Risk-based regulatory responses in global food trade; Guatemalan raspberry imports into the U.S. and Canada, 1996-1998. retrieved from; http://www.foodsafety.ksu.edu/articles/443/guatemalan_rasp_imports.pdf retrieved on 15 Sept. 2010. Sterling, C. & Ortega, Y., 1999. Cyclospora: an enigma worth unraveling. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5, 1, 48-53. References

  17. Bad Bug Book > Cyclospora cayetanensis Protocol, retrieved on 13 Nov. 2010. FSHN0519/FS130: Preventing Foodborne Illness: Cyclospora cayetanensis, retrieved on 13 Nov. 2010. Cyclospora cayetanensis A Review, Focusing on the Outbreaks, retrieved on 13 Nov. 2010 from: http://www.cepis.ops-oms.org/bvsacg/e/cd-cagua/guias/b.parametos/3.RefB/microbiologicos/Cap11.3/04/04.000497.pdf Links To Additional Journal Articles and Other Resources

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