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Do we need robot morality?

Do we need robot morality?. WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?. Pragmatic definition of intelligence: “an intelligent system is a system with the ability to act appropriately (or make an appropriate choice or decision) in an uncertain environment.”

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Do we need robot morality?

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  1. Do we need robot morality?

  2. WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? • Pragmatic definition of intelligence: “an intelligent system is a system with the ability to act appropriately (or make an appropriate choice or decision) in an uncertain environment.” • An appropriate action (or choice) is that which maximizes the probability of successfully achieving the mission goals (or the purpose of the system) • Intelligence need not be at the human level

  3. Human-Robot Interaction interaction intelligence morality Consciousness?

  4. Robot Morality is a relatively new research area which is becoming very popular because of military and assistive robotics.

  5. WHY ROBOT MORALITY ? These robots live in human environment and can harm humans physically. • Robots are becoming technically extremely sophisticated. • The emerging robot is a machine with sensors, processors, and effectors able to perceive the environment, have situational awareness, make appropriate decisions, and act upon the environment • Various sensors: active and passive optical and ladar vision, acoustic, ultrasonic, RF, microwave, touch, etc. • Various effectors: propellers, wheels, tracks, legs, hybrids • Military unmanned vehicles are robots • Space, air, ground, water

  6. Ethical concerns: Robot behavior • How do we want our intelligent systems to behave? • How can we ensure they do so? • Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics: • A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. • A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. • A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

  7. Ethical concerns: Human behavior • Is it morally justified to create intelligent systems with these constraints? • As a secondary question, would it be possible to do so? • Should intelligent systems have free will? Can we prevent them from having free will?? • Will intelligent systems have consciousness? (Strong AI) • If they do, will it drive them insane to be constrained by artificial ethics placed on them by humans? • If intelligent systems develop their own ethics and morality, will we like what they come up with?

  8. Department of Defense (DOD) PATH TOWARD AUTONOMY

  9. A POTPOURRI OF MILITARY ROBOTS • Many taxonomies have been used for robotic air, ground, and water vehicles: based on size, endurance, mission, user, C3 link, propulsion, mobility, altitude, level of autonomy, etc., etc.

  10. All autonomous future military robots will need morality, household and assistive robots as well

  11. WHICH TECHNOLOGIES ARE RELATED TO ROBOT MORALITY? • Various control system architectures: • deliberative, • reactive, • hybrid • Various command, control, and communications systems: • cable, • fiber optic, • RF, • laser, • acoustic • Various human/machine interfaces: • displays, • telepresence, • virtual reality • Various theories of intelligence and autonomy; • Evolutionary • Probabilistic • Learning • Developmental • Cognitive Can we build morality without intelligence?

  12. Morality for non-military robots that deal directly with humans. The Tokyo University of Science: Saya

  13. Robots that look human • "Robots that look human tend to be a big hit with young children and the elderly," • Hiroshi Kobayashi, Tokyo University of Science professor and Saya's developer, said yesterday. • "Children even start crying when they are scolded."

  14. Human-Robot Interaction with human-like humanoid robots • "Simply turning our grandparents over to teams of robots abrogates our society's responsibility to each other, and encourages a loss of touch with reality for this already mentally and physically challenged population,„ • Kobayashi said.

  15. Can robots replace humans? • Noel Sharkey, robotics expert and professor at the University of Sheffield, believes robots can serve as an educational aid in inspiring interest in science, but they can't replace humans.

  16. Robot to help people?http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/12/content_10995694.htm • Kobayashi says Saya is just meant to help people and warns against getting hopes up too high for its possibilities. • "The robot has no intelligence. It has no ability to learn. It has no identity," he said. "It is just a tool.„

  17. Receptionist robots

  18. Receptionist

  19. MechaDroyd Typ C3Business Design, Japan • What kind of morality we expect from: • Robot for disabled? • Receptionist robot? • Robot housemaide? • Robot guide ?

  20. Human RobotInteraction:Robots for elderly in Japan

  21. Jobs for robotshttp://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKT27506220080408 • TOKYO (Reuters) - Robots could fill the jobs of 3.5 million people in graying Japan by 2025, • a thinktank says, helping to avert worker shortages as the country's population shrinks.

  22. Robots to fill jobs in Japan • Japan faces a 16 percent slide in the size of its workforce by 2030 while the number of elderly will mushroom, the government estimates, raising worries about who will do the work in a country unused to, and unwilling to contemplate, large-scale immigration.

  23. HR-Interaction in Japan Robots to fill jobs in Japan • The thinktank, the Machine Industry Memorial Foundation, says robots could help fill the gaps, ranging from microsized capsules that detect lesions to high-tech vacuum cleaners.

  24. HR-Interaction in Japan Robots to fill jobs in Japan • Rather than each robot replacing one person, the foundation said in a report that robots could make time for people to focus on more important things.“

  25. What is more important than work? • What kind of „more important things“? • This is an ethical question.

  26. using robots that monitor the health of older people in Japan „Japan could save 2.1 trillion yen ($21 billion) of elderly insurance payments in 2025 by using robots that monitor the health of older people, so they don't have to rely on human nursing care, the foundation said in its report.

  27. Plans for robot nursing in Japan • What are the consequences for relying on robot nursing? • This is an ethical question.

  28. Assistive Robots • Caregivers would save more than an hour a day if robots: • helped look after children, • helped older people, • did some housework • reading books out loud • helping bathe the elderly

  29. How children and elderly will respond? • How will children and elderly react to robots taking „care“ of them? • This is an ethical question.

  30. Seniors in Japan • "Seniors are pushing back their retirement until they are 65 years old, • day care centers are being built so that more women can work during the day, • and there is a move to increase the quota of foreign laborers. • But none of these can beat the shrinking workforce," • said Takao Kobayashi, who worked on the study.

  31. HR-Interaction in Japan Seniors in Japan "Robots are important because they could help in some ways to alleviate such shortage of the labor force."

  32. HR-Interaction in Japan Seniors in Japan • How far will they alleviate such shortage of the labor force? • And with what consequences? • This is an ethical question.

  33. HR-Interaction in Japan Seniors in Japan • Kobayashi said changes was still needed for robots to make a big impact on the workforce. • "There's the expensive price tag, the functions of the robots still need to improve, and then there are the mindsets of people," he said. • "People need to have the will to use the robots."

  34. HR-Interaction in Japan Seniors in Japan The „mindsets of people“: This is THE ethical question!

  35. Entertainment robots

  36. First robots in Entertainment • Neologism derived from Czech noun "robota" meaning "labor" • Contrary to the popular opinion, not originated by (but first popularized by) Karel Capek, the author of RUR • Originated by Josef Capek, Karel’s older brother (a painter and writer) • “Robot” first appeared in Karel Capek’s play RUR, published in 1920 • Some claim that "robot" was first used in Josef Capek's short story Opilec (the Drunkard) published in the collection Lelio in 1917, but the word used in Opilec is "automat“ • Robots revolt against their human masters – a cautionary lesson now as then

  37. WHAT IS A ROBOT? • Many taxonomies • Control taxonomy • Pre-programmed (automatons) • Remotely-controlled (telerobots) • Supervised autonomous • Autonomous • Operational medium taxonomy • Space • Air • Ground • Sea • Hybrid • Functional taxonomy • Military • Industrial • Household • Commercial • Etc.

  38. Entertainmenthttp://www.thepartypups.co/

  39. Sony: Aibo

  40. Football

  41. RoboCup

  42. „Love robots“ in Japanhttp://jankcl.wordpress.com/2007/08/12/lovecom-18/

  43. EMA (Eternal Maiden Actualization) in Japanhttp://www.fun-on.com/technology_robot_girlfriend.php What kind of intelligence and morality you would expect from an ideal robot for entertainment?

  44. Why Ethics of Robots?

  45. Why Ethics of Robots? • Robots behave according to rules we program • We are responsible for their behavior • But as they are „autonomous“ they can „decide“ what to do or not in a specific situation • This is the human/robot moral dilemma

  46. Ethics of Robots: West and East Rougly speaking: • Europe: Deontology (Autonomy, Human Dignity, Privacy, Anthropocentrism): Scepticism with regard to robots • USA (and anglo-saxon tradition): Utilitarian Ethics: will robots make „us“ more happy? • Eastern Tradition (Buddhism): Robots as one more partner in the global interaction of things

  47. Ethics & Robots: West and East • Morality and Ethics: • Ethics as critical reflection (or problematization) of morality • Ethics is the science of morals as robotics is the science of robots

  48. Concrete moral traditions • Different ontic or concrete historical moral traditions, for instance • in Japan: • Seken (trad. Japanese morality), • Shakai (imported Western morality) • Ikai (old animistic tradition) • In the „Far West“: • Ethics of the Good (Plato, Aristotle), • Christian Ethics, • Utilitarian Ethics, • Deontological Ethics (Kant)

  49. Ethics & Robots: Ontological Dimensions • Ontological dimension: Being or (Buddhist) • Nothingness as the space of open possibilities that allow us to critizise ontic moralities • Always related to basic moods (like sadness, happiness, astonishment, …) • through which the uniqueness of the world and human existence is experienced (differently in different cultures)

  50. Asimo‘s evolutionhttp://www.rob.cs.tu-bs.de/teaching/courses/seminar/Laufen_Mensch_vs_Roboter/

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