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Classical India

Classical India. Chandragupta : 321 BCE-298 BCE. Unified northern India. Challenged the Greeks and created the Mauryan Empire Divided his empire into provinces, then districts for tax assessments and law enforcement.

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Classical India

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  1. Classical India

  2. Chandragupta: 321 BCE-298 BCE • Unified northern India. • Challenged the Greeks and created the Mauryan Empire • Divided his empire into provinces, then districts for tax assessments and law enforcement. • He feared assassination [like Saddam Hussein]  food tasters, slept in different rooms, etc. • 301 BCE  gave up his throne & helped spread Buddhism

  3. The Maurya Empire 321 BCE – 185 BCE

  4. Kautilya • Chandragupta’s advisor. • Brahmin caste. • Wrote The Treatise on Material Gain or theArthashastra. • A guide for the king and his ministers: • Supports royal power. • The great evil in society is anarchy. • Therefore, a single authority is needed to employ force when necessary!

  5. Asoka (304 – 232 BCE) • Religious conversion after the gruesome battle of Kalinga in 262 BCE. • Dedicated his life to Buddhism. • Built extensive roads. • Conflict  how to balance Kautilya’s methods of keeping power and Buddha’s demands to become a selfless person?

  6. Asoka’s Empire

  7. Asoka’s law code • Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan. • Written mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic. • 10 rock edicts. • Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high. • Buddhist principles dominate his laws.

  8. One of Asoka’sStupas

  9. WomenUnder anAsokatree

  10. Turmoil & a power Vacuum:220 BCE – 320 CE Tamils The Maurya Empire is divided into many kingdoms.

  11. Gupta Empire:320 CE – 647 CE

  12. Gupta Rulers • Chandra GuptaI • r. 320 – 335 CE • “Great King of Kings” • Chandra Gupta II • r. 375 - 415 CE • Profitable trade with the Mediterranean world! • Hindu revival • Huns invade – 450 CE

  13. Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta India • Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk Road and visited India in the 5c. • He was following the path of the Buddha. • He reported the people to be happy, relatively free of government oppression, and inclined towards courtesy and charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate that the caste system was rapidly assuming its basic features, including "untouchability," the social isolation of a lowest class that is doomed to menial labor.

  14. Chandra Gupta II

  15. International Trade Routes during the Guptas

  16. Extensive Trade spices silks cotton goods spices rice & wheat horses gold & ivory gold & ivory cotton goods

  17. Kalidasa • The greatest of Indian poets. • His most famous play was Shakuntala. • During the reign of Chandra Gupta II.

  18. GuptaArt Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture.

  19. Gupta Achievements 1000 diseasesclassified 500 healingplants identified Printedmedicinal guides Kalidasa Literature PlasticSurgery Medicine GuptaIndia Inoculations C-sectionsperformed SolarCalendar Astronomy Mathematics DecimalSystem The earthis round PI = 3.1416 Conceptof Zero

  20. The Decline of the Guptas • Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at first, the Guptas defeated them. • After the decline of the Gupta empire, northIndia broke into a number of separate Hindu kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in the 7c.

  21. The Srivijayan Kingdom • located on Sumatra • dominated the new southern trade route through the Strait of Malacca

  22. Political System • Combined four different ecological zones and their local rulers under the authority of the Srivijayanking • These four zones were: (1) the core area along the Musi River; (2) the upland Sumatran interior; (3) river ports; and (4) the fertile rice lands of central Java.

  23. The Power of the King • maintained their control over this complex system through a combination of military power, diplomacy and control of trade • used the splendor of their capital to attract resources and labor • temporal power of the kings was enhanced by popular belief in their magical powers • patronized Buddhist monasteries and schools.

  24. Influence of Indian Culture • powerful influence on Srivijayan concepts of kingship and government • Hindu and Buddhist religions became dominant • they borrowed selectively from Indian civilization and adapted what they borrowed to their own culture and needs

  25. Srivijayan Decline • Changes in trade routes led to the decline of Srivijayain the eleventh century. The capital was destroyed in 1025 by the Chola kingdom.

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