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Phylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata. 3 Subphyla:. Urochordata – tunicates (sea squirts) Cephalochordata - lancets Vertebrata - vertebrates. Urochordata. Tunicates (Sea squirts) are INVERTEBRATES. Cephalochordata. Lancets are INVERTEBRATES. Vertebrata. Vertebrates are …VERTEBRATES!. New Characteristics.

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Phylum Chordata

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  1. Phylum Chordata

  2. 3 Subphyla: • Urochordata – tunicates (sea squirts) • Cephalochordata - lancets • Vertebrata - vertebrates

  3. Urochordata Tunicates (Sea squirts) are INVERTEBRATES

  4. Cephalochordata • Lancets are INVERTEBRATES

  5. Vertebrata • Vertebrates are …VERTEBRATES!

  6. New Characteristics All members of Phylum Chordata have a • Notochord • Hollow Dorsal Nerve Cord • Pharyngeal Pouches • Postanal tail

  7. Notochord A rod-like structure between the digestive system and the Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord. In vertebrates, this develops into the BACKBONE It anchors muscles and allows rapid movements

  8. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord A tube of cells surrounding a fluid-filled canal above the Notochord. This develops into the SPINAL CORD. The anterior portion develops into the brain and pairs of nerves connect to blocks of muscle.

  9. Pharyngeal Pouches Paired opening located in the pharynx, behind the mouth. In terrestrial chordates, these develop into the jaw, inner ear, and tonsils. In aquatic chordates, these develop into gill slits.

  10. Postanal Tail A tail that extends beyond the anus. All chordates have a postanal tail at some point in their development – even humans! Muscle blocks controlling the tail are connected to the notochord.

  11. Subphylum Vertebrata Includes: • FISH • AMPHIBIANS • REPTILES • BIRDS • MAMMALS Over 50,000 species

  12. Subphylum Vertebrata All Vertebrates share • A vertebral column – replaces the notochord during embryonic development • Epidermis is divided into OUTER and INNER layer –often modified to produce hair, scales, feathers, glands, horns • Endoskeleton – bony or cartilaginous

  13. Subphylum Vertebrata • Muscles attached to endoskeleton to provide movement • Digestive system with digestive glands, liver and pancreas • 2 – 4 chambered heart • Well-developed coelom • Paired kidneys

  14. Subphylum Vertebrata • Two sexes with paired gonads • Head, trunk, two pairs of appendages, and post-anal tail Myers, P. 2001. "Vertebrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed May 11, 2009 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Vertebrata.html.

  15. FISH 4 CLASSES: • Hagfishes • Lampreys • Cartilaginous Fishes • Bony Fishes

  16. Most fish (cartilaginous and bony): Have paired fins Have scales Most fish are BONY fish. All fish: Breathe using gills Have 2-chambered hearts Reproduce sexually Have developed sensory systems FISH

  17. FISH Jaws evolved in fish. • can grab and crush prey • can prey on variety of organisms

  18. Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataClass Amphibia

  19. AMPHIBIANS Class Amphibia (amphibia = “double life”) 3 Orders: • Caudata (salamanders and newts) • Anura (frogs and toads) • Apoda (legless caecilians)

  20. AMPHIBIANS • Adults are terrestrial, but rely on water for reproduction • Fertilization is external • Ectotherms – body temp is variable • Undergo metamorphosis • 3-chambered hearts, skin is more important for gas exchange – must stay moist

  21. Amphibians Amphi – double; frogs, toads, caecilians, salamanders • Thin, moist skin • 4 legs • terrestrial, but closely tied to water

  22. Amphibians • both internal and external fertilization • eggs lack protective • membrane and shell – need water to prevent dessication. red eye tree frog eggs http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ReptilesAmphibians/Exhibit/Topics/zoo_breeding.cfm?inc=o

  23. Ectotherms • body temperature is dependent on environmental temperature • become dormant during times of year when it is too hot or too cold - estivate

  24. Metamorphosis

  25. Metamorphosis in frogs Herbivorous tadpoles hatch with internal gills • increase in mouth and tongue size • loss of gills / formation of lungs • growth of legs, resorption of tail • new visual pigment in eyes • hemoglobin protein in blood • insectivorous adult

  26. Metamorphosis in salamanders • young aquatic salamanders have gills and a tail fin • adults do not have gills or fins – breathe through skin or with lungs

  27. Metamorphosis in salamanders Some salamanders do not have larval stage, but hatch as small versions of adults

  28. Circulatory System • 3-chambered heart • one chamber gets oxygen rich blood from lungs • one chamber gets oxygen poor blood from body tissues • blood from both go to third chamber – blood goes to body tissues and skin

  29. Frogs smooth, moist skin long legs Toads bumpy, dry skin short legs Order AnuraFrogs and Toads Both are tailless and insectivorous

  30. Order AnuraFrogs and Toads • vocal cords capable of producing a wide range of sounds. • Vocal cords are sound-producing bands of tissue in the throat.

  31. Order CaudataSalamanders • long, slender body with a neck and tail. • smooth, moist skin • lack claws • a few cm to 1.5 m • carnivorous

  32. Order ApodaCaecilians • burrowing amphibians, have no limbs, and have a short, or no, tail. • primarily tropical animals with small eyes that often are blind. • eat earthworms and other invertebrates found in the soil. • have internal fertilization.

  33. Origins of Amphibians • Most likely, amphibians arose as their ability to breathe air through well-developed lungs evolved. • The success of inhabiting the land depended on adaptations that would provide support, protect membranes involved in respiration, and provide efficient circulation.

  34. Origins of Amphibians • Amphibians first appeared about 360 million years ago. • Amphibians probably evolved from an aquatic tetrapod around the middle of the Paleozoic Era.

  35. Challenges to life on land • Land life for amphibians held many dangers. • Unlike the temperature of water, which remains fairly constant, air temperatures can vary greatly. • In addition, without the support of water, the body was clumsy and heavy.

  36. Challenges to life on land • Able to breathe through their lungs, gills, or skin, amphibians became, for a time, the dominant vertebrates on land.

  37. REPTILES Class Reptilia 4 Orders • Squamata (snakes and lizards) • Chelonia (turtles) • Crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles) • Rhynochocephalia (Tuataras)

  38. REPTILES • Reptiles have SCALY SKIN • Reproduce on land – AMNIOTIC EGG • Legs are more directly UNDER the body • 4-chambered hearts • Ectotherms

  39. BIRDS Class Aves • 8600 species of modern birds • Inhabit variety of habitats: Antarctica Deserts Tropical Rain Forests All birds have WINGS, but not all birds FLY!

  40. Feathers modified protein scale molting – shedding of old feathers and growth of new feathers wing and tail feathers lost in pairs to maintain balance Wings adaptation for flight flight muscles attached to sternum (breast bone) BIRDS All birds have FEATHERS and WINGS

  41. BIRDS Flying requires LOTS of energy! • 4-chambered heart beats very fast (chickadee = 500 times/minute) • respiratory system includes air sacs – oxygenated air is circulated during INHALATION and EXHALATION.

  42. BIRDS • ENDOTHERMS – maintain own body temperature, independent of environmental temperature • Reproduction – internal fertilization, shelled amniotic egg

  43. Phylum CHORDATASubphylum VERTEBRATAClass MAMMALIA

  44. Endotherms Produce milk for young Hair Diaphragms 4-chambered heart Specialized teeth Modified limbs Highly developed brains MAMMALS! Class Mammalia

  45. MAMMALS! Hair is • made out of keratin (like feathers) • developed from scales (like feathers) • arrangement provides insulation / waterproofing • conserves body heat (endotherms)

  46. MAMMALS! Endotherms maintain constant body temperatures • panting (release heat) • sweating (release heat) • shivering (generate heat) • raising hair (conserving heat)

  47. MAMMALS! Mammals have several types of GLANDS • Scent • Saliva • Hormones • Milk • Digestive enzymes

  48. MAMMALS! Mammals nurse their young • Mammary glands – secrete milk that is rich in fats, sugars, proteins, vitamins, and minerals • This continues until offspring are able to eat and digest solid food

  49. MAMMALS! The diaphragm aids in breathing • muscle beneath the lungs, separating the THORACIC (chest) cavity from the ABDOMINAL cavity • Expands the chest cavity, bringing in air • Contracts and pushes air out

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