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Experimental Variables and Measurement in Science

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308 diapositives · 3.1K Views · Nov 05, 2019

Learn about dependent and independent variables, control variables, qualitative and quantitative measurements, accuracy, precision, resolution, and errors in scientific experiments. Explore the basics of atoms, elements, compounds, mixtures, and particles.

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Experimental Variables and Measurement in Science
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  1. Dependent Variable…’ = measured for each change in the independent variable

  2. Control Variables… = are kept the same as they are variables that may, in addition to the independent variable, affect the outcome of the Investigation.

  3. Control… = Something used in an investigation as a COMPARISON

  4. Qualitative… = not actually measuring An amount of something SUBJECTIVE, less accurate

  5. Quantitative… = actually measuring an amount of something MORE accurate

  6. Accurate… = close to the TRUE VALUE

  7. True Value… = the actual value we would get with an IDEAL measurement

  8. Precise… = results cluster closely Very little spread from Mean (average value)

  9. Resolution… = This is the smallest change in the quantity being measured of a measuring instrument that gives a perceptible change in the reading.

  10. Random Error… = errors due to results varying in unpredictable ways. These cause readings to be spread about the true value. These errors can be reduced by making more measurements and reporting a mean value.

  11. Systematic Error… • = results differing from the true value • by a consistent amount each time. • Cannot be dealt with by simple • repeats. The data collection • should be repeated using a • different technique or • a different set of equipment and • the results compared.

  12. = checked by INDEPENDENT Scientists to PREVENT FALSE CLAIMS ‘Peer Review’

  13. ATOMSmallest part of an element that can exist.

  14. ELEMENTSubstance consisting of only one type of atom.

  15. COMPOUNDTwo or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.

  16. MIXTURETwo or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.(The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged).

  17. Types of particles • Atoms • Protons • Neutrons • Electrons • Ions ( charged particles) • Metallic ( positive ions and negative electrons) • Molecules (simple and macro) • Nanoparticles

  18. Development of the model atomWhat do you need to know?

  19. 1 2 3

  20. How many neutrons???

  21. Atoms can be represented like this.....

  22. OR like this.....

  23. Remember the 2, 8, 8 rule....

  24. What charge do atoms have? How come?