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Chapter 4: Perception

Chapter 4: Perception . Music: “Speed of Sound” Coldplay “Suddenly I see” KT Tunstall. Lecture #4: Agenda. *Midterm Information* 1. Distinction between Sensation and Perception 2. Perceptual Organization: a) Visual Capture b) Form Perception c) Depth Perception

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Chapter 4: Perception

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  1. Chapter 4: Perception Music: “Speed of Sound” Coldplay “Suddenly I see” KT Tunstall

  2. Lecture #4: Agenda • *Midterm Information* • 1. Distinction between Sensation and Perception • 2. Perceptual Organization: • a) Visual Capture • b) Form Perception • c) Depth Perception • 3. Interpretation • a) Sensory Restrictions • b) Perceptual Sets: Context & Contrast Effects • 4. ESP: Extra-Sensory Perception

  3. Midterm October 20th • 2 hours in class; no lecture • 60 multiple choice (80%) • 4 short answers (20%) • To prepare: • 1) TEXT: • Read ENTIRE CHAPTERS • Concentrate on sections covered in class • To study: • Use the features in your book, e.g. concept checks, multiple choice questions, “Review of Key Points” • 2) LECTURES: • Go over your notes carefully, and try to anticipate short answer questions from the slides • 3) TUTORIALS: • Mondays 10:30 a.m. Ross S103 • Mondays 1:30 p.m. FC 117 • Tuesdays 2:30 p.m. Ross N146

  4. 1. Distinction Between Sensation and Perception • Sensation: • Based on activity of the sense receptors • How physical energy is transformed into neural impulses • E.g. Light = Wavelengths ---- Hit retina---- Transformed into sight by the brain (p. 131-132) • Primarily Bottom-Up processes: i.e. from the outer world, to the senses, up to the brain

  5. 1. Sensation (cont’d) p.138

  6. 1. Sensation & Perception (cont’d) • Perception • How we analyze sensory information • Elaboration, transformation, interpretation of what is registered by the senses • Assignment of Meaning to sensory experiences • Top-down processes • Starts in the brain • Sometimes overrides the sensory input (see p. 144 on subjective contours)

  7. 1. Sensation vs. Perception p. 132

  8. The Role of Interpretation • You see the world that you have made • but you do not see yourself as the image maker. • How can you influence your perceptions? • What kind of images do you want to focus on? • What image maker will you be?

  9. 2. Perceptual Organization • a) Visual Capture: • Sight has preeminence over other senses • b) Form Perception: • Gestalt Principles • Figure-ground relationship (p. 153) • Grouping Principles: • Similarity • Proximity • Closure • Continuity

  10. 2. c) Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception How do we transform 2-D retinal images into 3-D perceptions? • i) Binocular Cues: • Retinal disparity: • difference btw. 2 retinal images provides important clues to the brain • Angle of convergence: • muscular movement to focus on an object provides info. on distance

  11. 2. c) Depth Perception (cont’d) • ii) Monocular Cues • Important for more distant objects • Relative Size • Linear Perspective • Texture gradient • Overlap • Relative height • Motion Parallax (p. 156)

  12. 2. c) ii. Monocular cues (con’t)

  13. 2. c) ii. Monocular cues (cont’d)

  14. 3. Interpretation • a) Sensory Restriction: • For some aspects of visual perception, experience is critical • Experiments with cats • Cataract patients • b) Perceptual Sets: • Needs, beliefs and emotions influence perceptions • Prior experience and expectations also provide a readiness to perceive in a certain way • Context effects: Immediate context influences perception (e.g. film sets) • Contrast effects • Comparitors p. 185 • E.g. student letter to parents

  15. 4. ESP: Extra-Sensory Perception • Claims of ESP: • (perception without sensation) • Telepathy: mind to mind communication • Clairvoyance: perceiving remote events • Precognition: perceiving future events • Psychokinesis: moving objects with one’s mind • Skepticisms About ESP: • Parapsychologists: Study “para” normal phenomena • “After tens of thousands of experiments, there has never been discovered a reproducible ESP phenomenon, nor any individual who can convincingly demonstrate psychic ability” (Marks, 1986)

  16. 5. Quiz Questions • Perceptual constancy refers to: • a. seeing life in a seamless way, like a movie • b. our perception of objects remaining stable despite the fact that sensory information changes • c. the existence of schemas that guide our perception • d. visual fields in the retina that allow our perception of the world to remain stable • e. linear perspective

  17. 5. Quiz Questions (cont’d) • The perception associated with the amplitude of a sound wave is: • a. timbre • b. loudness • c. tonal quality • d. pitch

  18. 5. Quiz Questions (cont’d) • Abnormalities at the norepinephrine and seratonin synapses appear to play a role in which of the following? • a. hyperactivity • b. depression • c. high anxiety • d. Parkinson’s disease • e. schizophrenia

  19. Happy Reading Week! Keep breathing…. & Good luck studying!

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