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Native Americans Chapter 1. Vocabulary. Migrate Environment Natural Resources Culture Cultural Region. Migration Routes of the First Americans. First Americans migrated by food from Siberia to present day Alaska. Across a Land Bridge
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Vocabulary • Migrate • Environment • Natural Resources • Culture • Cultural Region
Migration Routes of the First Americans • First Americans migrated by food from Siberia to present day Alaska. Across a Land Bridge • Land between Asia and North America which was called Beringia. • Mammoths traveled across the Beringia toward North America and South America. • Siberian hunters followed and killed the mammoths with stone-tipped spears.
Migration Routes of the First Americans Migrating East and South • 10,000 years ago, the earth warmed up and the glaciers melted and mammoths died. • Native Americans had to find new sources for food and clothing. • They became hunter-gathers: • Hunted small animals and fished • Collected edible plants and seeds
Native Americans Adapt to the Environment • Native Americans lived in different environments and adapted to their environments. • They survived by adapting or changing their style of living to the climate and its natural resources – food, water, vegetation, animals, and climate.
Native Americans Adapt to the Environment Using Natural Resources • In cold weather • They hunted sea mammals, wore warm hooded clothing from animal skins and goggles out of bone to avoid the glare. • Built temporary houses called igloos • In warm weather • They hunted caribou and gathered wild plants. • Grew crops – squash, chili peppers, beans and corn. • Built their homes out of driftwood and animal skins.
Native Americans Adapt to the Environment Native American Cultural Regions • Native Americans grouped themselves into 10 major cultural regions.
First Americans’ View of Their Environment • Native Americans view themselves as a part of the community of plants, animals and other natural objects. Nature’s Spirits • Each part of nature has it own spirit.
First Americans’ View of Their Environment Using the Land • Native Americans did not believe land could be private property, but they would protect their land at all cost. • They adapted to their land and would not waste anything taken from nature.
Native Americans of the Northwest Coast • Northwest Coast extends from southern Oregon into Canada. • Winters were cold, but not icy and summers were cool. • They had thick forests of fir, spruce, and cedar. • Had heavy rain fall all year.
Native Americans of the Northwest Coast Abundant Food • They built their village near the sea. • They gathered clams, shellfish, seaweed • Hunted seals, sea lions, whales, halibut, deer, moose, bear, elk, beaver, and goat. • They developed special weapons • Wooden harpoons and spears.
Native Americans of the Northwest Coast Builders and Carvers • They built houses with logs and used large sheets of cedar bark for the roof. • Women created baskets, mats, rope and blankets with thin strips of bark.
Native Americans of California • Native Americans of California lived from southern Oregon through Baja California. • Winters brought rain and summer was hot and dry.
Native Americans of California Many Sources of Food • People in the north depended on salmon • People in the south depended on shellfish • People inland depended on deer, rabbits, and ducks. • All Native Americans in California depended on gathering roots, berries, pine nuts, and acorns.
Native Americans of California Clothing, Houses, and Baskets • Women wore simple aprons or skirts from grasses during the summer and in the winter, the people used animal hides/skin. • They built simple homes made from large slabs of bark in the shape of a cone.
Native Americans of the Great Basin • Between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountain • The mountains blocked all rain and was mostly a desert • Little water and small animals were found in the desert.
Native Americans of the Great Basin Extreme Heat and Cold • People made temporary shelters made of willow poles and brush • During the winters, people used rabbit hides to keep warm. • 100 rabbits were used to make one adult robe.
Native Americans of the Great Basin Searching for Food Spring – men hunted duck and women gathered duck eggs Summer – men hunted snakes and grasshoppersand women gathered plants and seeds. Fall – men hunted jackrabbits and women gathered pine nuts. Winter – they lived off of food that they dried earlier in the year.
Native Americans of the Plateau Plateau region is by the Cascade Range to the west, the Rockies to the east, and the Fraser River to the north.
Native Americans of the Plateau Sturdy Houses and Clothing • Built their villages near the rivers, which provided water, fish, and driftwood for houses. • To stay cool in the summer and warm in the winter, they built their homes partly underground. • The women made clothing from deer and antelope hides.
Native Americans of the Plateau Camas and Salmon • Hunting provided plenty of meat, but they relied on fish (especially salmon) and plants for food. • They gathered wild onions and carrots and camas (starchy root).
Native Americans of the Southwest • Native Americans of the Southwest region includes Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, parts of Texas, Oklahoma, and California. • The southwest was hot and lacked water.
Native Americans of the Southwest Mesa People • Different groups survived in different ways: • Nomadic desert hunters • Small groups hunted, gathered and farmed. • Other people planted fields of corn, beans, and squash in flat areas called mesas. • Mesa People built homes using bricks of adobe (sun-baked clay) that could be up to 4 stories high. • Single village, called a pueblo, houses 1,000 people.
Native Americans of the Southwest Corn Culture • To grow corn, beans, and squash, they planted learn naturally flooded areas near streambeds. • Men dug irrigation ditches from the streams to the fields.
Native Americans of the Great Plains • Stretches 2,000 miles from the Rockies to the Mississippi valley, and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. • No trees only short and dry grass
Native Americans of the Great Plains Buffalo Hunters Eastern Plains * took up farming and went on buffalo hunting trips only a few times a year Western Plains * hunted buffalo all year long Spring and Summer * people ambushed the buffalo and used their bows and arrows Fall * people created a trap for the buffalo, near a cliff and once they were in the trap, they created a brush fire to scare them. The buffalo would run off the cliff and hunters would spear or use their bow and arrows to kill them.
Native Americans of the Great Plains Using the Buffalo • Women and children cut up the buffalo • Extra meat was dried for winter • Buffalo hides were turned into shields containers, robes, bedding, clothing and bags. • Buffalo hair and sinew were twined into bowstrings and ropes. • Horns and hooves were spoons and bowls. • Buffalo skin was tied together for their house – Tipi.
Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands • Eastern Woodlands reaches the Mississippi River eastward to the Atlantic Ocean, and from Canada to North Carolina. • Winter brought snow and summer brought rain.
Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands Plentiful Woods • Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands hunted deer, bear, beavers, birds, and fish and they gathered fresh greens, nuts and berries. • They lived in sturdy log-framed homes with elm bark. They were 20 feet wide and 100 feet long. • They traveled in bark canoes
Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands Women Farmers • Women planted corn, bean, squash, sunflowers, tobacco, and many vegetables. • They tanned deerskin to make skirts, capes and moccasins.
Native Americans of the Southeast • Southeast region was part of the Ohio Valley to the Gulf of Mexico and from Texas to the Atlantic Ocean. • Had long, warm, and humid summers and mild winters.
Native Americans of the Southeast Towns Built Around Mounds • Houses were made of earthen mounds that took months to years to complete. • They used strips of trees woven into a rectangular frame with clay and had leaves for roofs.
Native Americans of the Southeast A Fertile Region • People relied on corn, beans, squash, pumpkins and sunflowers. • Women worked on the fields/crops and gathered sweet potatoes, wild rice,and persimmons. • Men hunted for squirrels, rabbits, turkeys with a blowgun and used a bow and arrow for deer, alligators and turtles.
