Presentation Transcript

1. Tierheim Associates:US History

   Dream for the stars and sail the winds of change!
2. Introduction: Founding a Nation Fleeing poverty and persecution, settlers still considered themselves Europeans. Conditions and hardships of settlement united the settlers though they had great diversity across the countryside with small tight mostly democratic communities in the north and independent laborers in the middle and a variety of landowners slaves and laborers in the south. Britain gave them a great deal of liberty, but the French and English struggle drew the colonies in against the French and Indian enemies. After the French were gone the colonies did not need British protection. Britain needed the colonial support after the years of war.
3. Exploration, Colonization, French & Indian War (AP Approved) Pre –Columbian Societies Transatlantic Encounters & Colonial Beginnings 1492-1690 Colonial North America 1690-1754
4. The Shaping of North America Appalachians formed about 350 million year ago 225 million years ago N America part of the Pangaea supercontinent The Rockies, Cascades, Sierra Nevadas, and Cost Range formed after shifting between135 and 35 million Anchored at North east Canadian Shield Ice age 2 million years ago transformed after retreat 10,000 years ago.
5. Peopling the American Continents 35,0000 ice age lowered oceans when glaciers formed exposing land bridges across the Bering Straights=> 250 centuries (25,000 yrs)of migration Ice melts open valleys and migration to south and east as far as the tip of S. America Estimates of 54million people in American Continents by 1492 Over 2000 separate languages, diverse cultures and religions Inca of Peru, Mayans of Central America & Aztec of Mexico advance agriculture & depend on maize
6. The Earliest Americans Native Americans in Mexico & S America develop corn crops from grass about 5000BC Hunter gatherers begin to settle into agricultural villages. Corn planting reaches American SW about 1200 BC with Pueblo (village) around Rio Grande Corn cultivation did not reach other parts of N America until much later and social “tribes” were less extensive making it easier for Europeans to subdue small groups.
7. Early Americans Large Native American societies existed at several places: Mound Builders of the Ohio River Mississippi of the lower Midwest (Cahokia near St Louis) Anastasia of the Southwest These cultures seem to have fell before 1300AD (perhaps due to drought)
8. Early Americans Three sister farming: corn, beans, and squash helps to refresh soil by retaining moisture. Rich food supply Iroquois Confederacy (Hiawatha) grew to a large political nation but most other tribes remain small. Women farm men hunt and fish Maternal inheritance Native American reverence for the land. <4million Native Americans could live in harmony with land and do little harm
9. Indirect Discoveries of the New World Scandinavians land near Lanes aux Meadows in Newfoundland and named it Vinland. Christian crusaders after crusades in the Holy Lands in the 11-14 centuries desired goods and to travel. Trade with Indonesia was very expensive. An alternative route was needed
10. Europeans Enter Africa Marco Polo, Italian, returns from China 1295 Stories of pearls & gold Northerly Winds and South flowing currents prevented sailing around Africa 1450 Portuguese find way to sail back from Africa and set up POST Portuguese set up posts along coast, black native slaves Bartholomew Dias rounded the tip of Africa 1488 Vasco ad Gama sailed to India 1498
11. The Rise of Spain Portugal dominates slave trade –need for slaves for huge sugar plantations Portuguese dominate southern routes Marriage of Ferdinand & Isabella Expulsion of Moors from Spain Spain sets sight on Indies and heads West to find route.
12. Columbus Comes upon a New World Desire for cheaper trade, adventure, products, lands, agriculture, etc fuel trip Invention of mariners compass Successful long voyages Oct. 12, 1492 island in the Bahamas sighted. 6 week voyage
13. When worlds collide Explorers bring germs (smallpox, measles, plague, scarlet fever, etc) slave labor New agriculture (horse, sugar cane) Natives bring Skills Seeds for flora (bluegrass, dandelion, daisies…)
14. The Spanish Conquistadors Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 – gave Spain lands in New world dividing it with Portugal. Search for Gold & Silver. 1513 Vasco Nunez Balboa crossed Panama canal 1519 Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the tip of S America return 1522 - 1st to sail around the world 1513-1521 Jean Ponce de Leon explored Florida looking for the fountain of youth 1540-42 Fransco Coranado discovered Grand Canyon & Coloraddo River
15. Conquistadors cont’ 1539 – 1542 Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River but was lost . Remains hidden because he had mistreated Indians so badly men fear for his. Francisco Pizarro crushed the Incas in 1532 & added loot to Spain’s treasury Flood of precious metal sparks growth in economy and fuels growth of capitalism, modern banking and commerce Caribbean- West Indies Islands serve as staging grounds for encomienda- government giving natives to colonists who promise to “Christianize” them.
16. The Conquest of Mexico 1519 Herman Cortes left Cuba with men & horses. He rescued a Mayan-speaking castaway and an Indian slave named Malinche Near Vera Cruz his new interpreters told of rebellious spirits at the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan The Golden Aztec capital spread over 10 miles on an island in the center of a lake and contained over 300,000 people! Cortez recruited among the rebels and rent to see Montezuma. Welcomed as the returning legendary god Quetzalcoatl, Cortez and his men “hungered” for the gold.
17. The Fall of Tenochtitlan On the night of June 30, 1520, the Aztec tired of the Spaniards greed and attacked to drive them from the city. Cortez laid siege Sick with diseases brought by the Europeans (smallpox) and battle the Aztec surrendered the city Aug 13, 1521. It became Mexico City The people are now mestizo (mixed) and Columbus day is Dia de la Raza(The day of the New Race) and malinchista means traitor
18. The Spread of Spanish America By 1551 the Spanish had established a strong hold in the new world. Silver producing centers in Mexico and Peru Cathedrals and printing presses dotting the mid section (Mexico etc.) Universities (85 yrs before Harvard the 1st English University) Competition was rising Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) of England sent to the North east coast 1497-1498 Giovanni Verrazanno of France to the east coast 1524
19. Competition is rising Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) of England sent to the North east coast 1497-1498 Giovanni Verrazanno of France to the east coast 1524 Jacques Cartier travels the St Lawrence River for the French 1534 St Augustine, Florida is established by the Spanish as the oldest continually inhabited settlement in the US. It is “protection” of their borders and Caribbean shipping. Conquistadors travel into Rio Grande valley and are brutal to Pueblo but succeed in establishing Santa Fe by 1609
20. Spread of Spanish Influence and Competition Spanish spread Christianity until missionaries suppress native religions. Pope’s Rebellion of 1680 led to destruction of catholic churches and priests and reestablishing kivas Robert La Salle of France leads expedition down the Mississippi 1680 Spanish establish settlements in Texas at San Antonio (Alamo) JaunRodeiquez Cabrillo explored California in 1542 but found little
21. Spanish Spread cont’ Missionaries found San Diego and travel to San Francisco und Father Junipero Serra in 1789. taught agriculture to Indians. The Black Legend of the Spaniards “killing for Christ”, stealing, infecting, and destroying the Indian way of life. However they did marry the Natives and build empires with them. Note Philip II had begun assembling the “Invincible Armada “ in 1580 and planning to rule the seas and even England.
22. Transatlantic Encounter and Colonial Beginnings 1492-1690 (AP approved) First European Contacts with Native Americans Spain’s Empire in North America French Colonization of Canada English Settlement of New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the South From servitude to Slavery in the Chesapeake region Religious diversity in the colonies Resistance to colonial authority: Bacon’s Rebellion, the Glorious Revolution, and the Pueblo Revolt
23. The Planting of English America Introduction While European crops, conquest, and disease changed the land in middle America North America was little changed until 1600 The English establish Jamestown in 1607 The French established Quebec in 1608 The Spanish established Santa Fe in 1610 Things now begin to change.
24. England’s Imperial Stirrings 1530: Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church launching Protestant Reformation 1558: Elizabeth ascends and Protestant religion is established setting rivalry with Spain & Ireland Irish lands went to loyal Scotts and Englishman. English soldiers learned to sneer at “savage Irish natives”.
25. Elizabeth’s England rough start Elizabeth encouraged buccaneers to spread Protestantism and plunder Spanish treasure ships and raid settlements. The Queen knighted Francis Drake in 1580 for his success ( she was a secret backer). Sir Walter Ralegh's (Raleigh) brother (Sir Walter Gilbert) was lost at sea trying to colonize Newfoundland in 1583. The second attempt by Raleigh was the Roanoke colony in North Carolina in 1585 which vanished.
26. Elizabeth’s England 1588 the 130 ship Spanish armada came into the English channel. English “sea dogs” attacked and the ”Protestant wind” stuck a heavy storm crippling the Spanish. Ensured English naval dominance of Atlantic. Followed by Holland’s independence from Spain English spirit soar, Shakespeare, restlessness, adventure! 1604 England and Spain sign peace treaty
27. England on the Eve of Empire Population boom 1550 to 1600 3 to 4 million Landlords enclose croplands for grazing forcing small farmers to tenant or leave. Depressed wool industry followed leading to unemployment. Primogeniture- only oldest son inherits Joint stock companies (venture capitalists) rise Poor can pool efforts and find new hope in a new land!
28. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling The Joint-stock company, the Virginia Company, set sail under a charter from King James in 1606 hoping to find a path to the Indies and gold. Landed near the Chesapeake Bay and were attacked then pushed up the bay into the “James River”. The all male crew disembarked May 24,1607. Men died on the voyage and after landing of disease, malnutrition, and starvation: searching for gold instead of survival.
29. Jamestown survival Captain John Smith took over in 1608 declaring that those who did not work would not eat. The Powhatan Chief (WahunsenacaPowhattan) staged a kidnapping to talk to John Smith and make him a Werowcomoco “chief” According to Indian oral history Pocahontas was only 10 at the time and not allowed to attend the ceremony though she was the favorite daughter and did become the intermediary later. She was known to accompany others when food was sent to the settlement. By 1625, only about 1200 settlers of 8000 survived!
30. Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake The English called Indians Powhatans but they were truly many tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy. Lord De La Warrarrived in 1610 and declared war on the Indians being a veteran of the Irish wars and allowed troops to raid and burn and rape the savages. The marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe in 1614 created and temporary truce because she was the favorite princess of the Chief. Indian oral history says that she was captured 1st and then held prisoner and raped before being forced to marry.
31. Clash in the Chesapeake Records show that Mataoaka (Pocahontas) was kidnapped by Captain Samuel Argall in 1613 and held prisoner to ensure her father’s cooperation. John Rolfe married her after she was baptized “Rebecca” and took her , their son and other Algonquin representatives to England . After meeting the royal family and others, Rolfe and the Indian representatives were preparing to return when Pocahontas died suddenly. War between the settlers and Indians broke out in 1622. John Rolfe was killed. Indians people were determined “not to exist as a people”
32. Clash in the Chesapeake War broke out again in 1644. The Indians were defeated and effectively banished from their ancestral lands. By 1685 the English considered the Powhatan extinct. The Indians were considered “unnecessary”. Mattaponi oral history says that the English wanted the secret of growing and preparing tobacco that was held by the priest (relatives to the chief). John Rolfe was a Tobacco farmer.
33. Indian’s New World Native Americans were use to change and the rise and fall of civilization as Anasazi and Mississippi had in the past. Sedentary tribes like the Lakota (Sioux) adapted to plains and became mounted hunters. Disease devastated the tribes. Elders and oral traditions were lost. Trade with Europeans disrupted the old ways of hunting & economy Large scale invasion destroyed the land they depended on and pushed them into marginal unknown territory
34. Virginia: Child of Tobacco John Rolfe (Father of the Tobacco Industry) was responsible for the economic survival of the colony. “King Nicotine” was bewitchingly in demand but drained the soil and workers. 1619: 20 African slaves/servants were brought by a Dutch warship. By 1650 14% of the population was black (mostly slaves). A representative self-government assembly called the HOUSE OF BURGESSES was established by the London Company James I became distrustful and revoked the company charter.
35. Maryland: Catholic Haven Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a Catholic haven and for profit. Plans to set up Catholic estates failed when settlers only agreed to come if given a chance at land themselves. Catholics surrounded by protestants chose the Act of Tolerance and tobacco farming using indentured servants. Less liberal: death penalty to Jews and atheists 4th colony
36. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America Due to Spain’s weakened state from Dutch rebellion and overexpansion, England was able to gain access to Caribbean and Jamaica in 1655. Sugar cane crops grown in Caribbean required large investment and hard labor. African slaves were brought in to work fields process cane and refineries. Slaves outnumbered whites 4:1 Barbados Slave Codes of 1661 enacted to give masters rights to whip, maim, dismember etc a slave without legal trial.
37. Caribbean Slaves & the Effect Slaves would drown rather than be taken. The Barbados code awarded the slaves “base” status! Sugar barons push out small farmers Small farmers migrate to southern states with slaves and version of the code! Caribbean system was the staging ground for the slave system in the south (encomienda)
38. Colonizing the Carolinas 1707 the Savannah Indians decided to quit the slave trade and leave but the Carolinians raided and killed most before they could leave. Rice becomes major crop for Carolina. Africans have knowledge and are genetically immune to malaria (from swampy condition mosquito) but get sickle cell. They became majority of population Lesser sons of landed English come to Charles –Town South Carolina because of the aristocratic atmosphere. French protestants come for religious freedom
39. Colonizing the Carolinas 1629 King Charles dismissed Parliament for not agreeing to his will then recalled them in 1640. Charles was beheaded in 1649. Oliver Cromwell ruled until Charles II was restored in 1660 Lands given to the Lord Proprietors when expansion resumed (they hoped to aid sugar plantations). Carolinas named after Charles Settlers from West Indies establish slave trade in Carolinas & use Savannah Indians to capture other Indians for slaves
40. The Emergence of North Carolina Poorer, smaller farmers who were trying to avoid the “Virginia” and “South Carolina” atmosphere settled in Northern Carolina. More tolerant, more democratic, less aristocratic, hospitable to pirates and resistant to authority. (like Rhode Island) Separated from S. Carolina in 1712 Fewer slaves but poor relations with Indians: Tuscaroras battles By 1720 Cherokee, Creek & Iroquois remain further inland
41. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony Last founded 1733 as crown (King George) supported buffer against Spanish Florida and French Louisiana Refuge for those in debtors prison James Oglethorpe (soldier/statesman) philanthropist lead against Spanish attack and improved conditions in prisons for debtors and fought against slavery. Savannah became melting pot of German Lutherans, Scots Highlanders, etc. Missionaries like Methodist founder John Wesley
42. The Plantation Colonies Virginia 1, Maryland 4, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Commercial export of agricultural goods Water cycle Slavery Aristocratic atmosphere
43. The Iroquois: Makers of America Mohawks (keeper of Eastern fire-trade); Seneca = Seneca (keeper of the Western Fire-Fur Suppliers) Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas Deganawidah & Hiawatha lead Confederacy Compete with English & French … Whiskey & muskets Round house – 200 ft long, matriarchal ; adopted captives and refugees Sided mostly with British in Wars with French Moved to new lands and put on New Yord reservation
44. Iroquois: Makers of America cont’ Morale on reservation declines. Prophet Handsome Lake has vision and warns people to stop drinking, fighting etc and go back to old ways 1799
45. Settling the Northern Colonies Colonist were bound by a common language and alliance to England but were very diverse politically, economically, and socially. The promise of land, wealth etc attracted early southern settlers while religious freedom and devotion shaped the northern and middle colonies development.
46. The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism 1517 German friar Martin Luther begins the Protestant Reformation by nailing protest to the cathedral door at Wittenburgdenouncing the Catholic doctrines.Look to the Bible for the work of Good not to man. John Calvin of Geneva became a strong reformist leader for “Calvanism” stating God was all powerful, all good, and all knowing. People were weak and wicked. People were predestined. Good works could not save those predestined for hell. Those chosen by God could not count on predestine fate and do as they chose.
47. Protestant Reformation cont’ Puritans wanted to cleanse the Church of England of all catholic taint. They believed that God revealed the destiny to the chosen Puritans rose when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church. Separatistswere Puritan extremists who believed that only puritans who “could feel the touch of grace and demonstrate it” should be admitted to the church membership. They should not have to sit with the “damned” King James I threatened to eject them realizing that defying him as spiritual leader may lead to defying him as political leader.
48. The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage At Plymouth A group of Separatists left England and the King’s anger for Holland in 1608. Twelve years later they set sail on the Mayflower with a hope of again becoming English men and women. Only about half of the party were separatists. Captain Myles Standish was not. After landing and preliminary surveys settlers chose Plymouth to settle and made the Mayflower Compact. The Mayflower Compact was an agreement of adult males to assemble to make decisions,
49. Pilgrims Winter 1620-21 44 of 102 survive but fall of 1621 saw good harvest & 1st Thanksgiving Fur, fish, lumber William Bradford read elected governor 30 years Feared other fishing villages where “people more interested in cod than God” 1691 still no charter they merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony
50. The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth The Puritans separatist were devoted extremists who gained support after Charles I dismissed the council. 1629 non-Separatists secure charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony based in Boston & brought the Charter with them fearing kings later change of heart. 11 vessels with immigrants & supplies. Of the 70,000 immigrants of the 1630’s about 20,000 went to Massachusetts.
51. The Bible Commonwealth John Winthrop, Massachusetts 1st governor, was a successful attorney, a manor lord, and socially elevated in England. The common attitudes and goals of the people made the colony grow as it established fur trade, fishing and ship building into industries. While Bradford’s pilgrims kindled a “light” for the nation; the Bay colony became a “city upon the hill”. The covenant to God shaped and modeled the colonies
52. Building the Bay Colony Bay Colony franchise extended to all “freemen” (adult men who belonged to the Puritan church) Town governments were often even more “public” allowing all property owners and sometimes others to discuss issues. John Winthrop (remember he was social England) distrusted the “meaner sort” of common people and did not like democracy. People elected the General Court but only “visible saints” who were members of the Puritan church could be elected. The church was to enforce God’s laws
53. Building the Bay Colony cont’ Believers & non-believers pay taxes Religious leaders held great power but not absolute and were barred from political office Separation of church & state Protestant Ethic: serious commitment to work Serious engagement in worldly pursuits Enjoyed simple pleasure of food, drink & song but kept them simple (Blue Laws-keeping the Sabbath, adultery, clothing, prostitution, beatings, marriage, theft, setting fires, abuse, etc) Monogamous Life was serious business-hell was real
54. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth Quakers (simplicity, equality, “good God in everyone” …)and others who were different were persecuted. Some, including one woman –Dyer- were hanged for their teachings. Anne Hutchinson , an educated woman and midwife, was exiled with her 14 children after the death of her husband for being too outspoken and giving talks, holding meetings etc. Many dissenters sought refuge in Rhode Island. Roger Williams- and extreme Separatist minister- challenged the Bay colony charter on counts of fair treatment to Indians and regulating religion
55. The Rhode Island “Sewer” Williams was exiled but allowed aided by Indians before sentence could be carried out. Excaping to Rhode Island area in 1636, he established a completely tolerant Baptist church. Opposed special privileges of any kind, exercised suffrage, liberal church membership, squatters colony “Roques” island gained charter in1644 and set stutue of the Independent Man
56. New England Spreads Out Fertile Connecticut River valley settled by Dutch and English in expansion. Reverend Thomas Hooker led a Puritan group into the Hartford area. 1635 Hartford was founded. 1639 the Fundamental Orders-a 1st constitution- was written that gave control to the citizens. 1662 A more church-government settlement, New Haven- was set up in 1638 but merged it with other Connecticut settlements soon after. Maine was established as a fishing and fur trading settlement 1639 but was purchased by Massachusetts in 1677
57. Chart of the Thirteen Original Colonies The British empire settled its first permanent colony in the Americas at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. This was the but the first of 13 colonies in North America. The 13 colonies can be divided into three regions: New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. The chart below provides additional information include: years of settlement and founders. http://americanhistory.about.com/library/charts/blcolonial13.htm
58. New England Spreads cont’ New Hampshire started in 1623 by John Mason but was taken over by Massachusetts in 1679 The king became upset at the Bay Company’s greed and took it into Royal control
59. Puritans Versus Indians Indian fields were deserted when the Puritans arrived. Probably due to epidemic from 1st contact. Wampanoag Indians (Northern Algonquin) befriend settlers. Squanto escaped slavery from English captain and became translator for Indians Chief Massasoit signed a treaty in 1621 and helped with 1st Thanksgiving. Hostilities between English & Pequot. Narragansett Indians help English burn and destroy Pequot
60. Puritans vs Indians cont’ By 1675 the only Indian hope is to form a pan-Indian alliance. Massasoit’s son Metacom (called King Philip) formed alliances and after going to the English with complaints and getting no response, attacked. http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6226 Metacom was drawn and quartered and the English expansion was slowed.
61. The English: Makers of America Black Death controlled population intill resistance built up in the 1500s 5 major migrations followed the population explosion, economic depression, religious repression and economic depression. Independent artisans, young gentry, and indentures set out for the new world. 40% of the “middling class” indentures died before term was up but survives granted small plots
62. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence The Massachusetts Bay Colony, The Plymouth Colony, New Haven and the Connecticut River Valley Colony Settlements formed a New England Confederacy –the Puritan Club 1643 1st colonial attempt at unity Charles II allowed the colonies autonomy to a degree but Massachusetts boldness brought defiance to kin’s attention King gave Connecticut settlements legal charter for squatters and gave Rhode Island a charter In 1684 Charles revoked the Bay colony charter through the London Authorities.
63. Andros Promotes the First American Revolution 1686 the crown creates the Dominion of New England which like the “puritan club” aimed at defending the northern colonies against Indians, French and Dutch. It was important to make administration of Navigation Laws more efficient in the face of rivalries. But it would kill some colonial trade. Sir Edmund Andros of the English military took control and established headquarters in Boston Restriction on court, press, schools, land, assembly; Noisy soldiers, taxes etc
64. Dominion of New England cont’ England dethrones Charles II and places William II and Mary (daughter of James II) on the thrown in 1688-1689 in a bloodless coup Glorious Rebellion Bostonians take heart and run Sir Edmond out in woman’s clothing. Permanent loss of charter. Voting rights to all not just Puritans New York & Maryland suffer unrest as rebellion begins to spread New Monarchs relax hold but incompetent & corrupt English staff still stroll the colonies
65. Old Netherlanders at New Netherlands England aided the Neltherlands in rebellion against Spain. The Dutch rose to power with commercial & royal navy. Rembrandt & other famous artist bring Dutch golden age. Anglo-Dutch wars Dutch East India Company -10,000 men 190 ships (40 men of war)
66. Dutch Colonization cont’ Henry Hudson took his company & an English explorer up the Hudson River. He hoped for northern route. 1st the Delaware Bay & the New York Bay then the Hudson to claim the forests and water area. The Dutch West India Company established trade in Caribbean and took Spanish treasure ships. They set up posts in Africa and Brazil Manhattan Island bought for trinkets became New Amsterdam It was a company town with investor mentality.
67. Dutch Colonization cont’ Dutch colonies took feudal tone. Aristocracy was attracted. The worldly nature of a seaport was retained when intolerant Dutch governor was forced to turn New Amsterdam over to the England a few years later
68. Friction with English & Swedish Neighbors Director-generals of the Dutch Companies were not very competent but investors demanded their profits Colonist paid the price of the cruelty. Indians retaliated as Dutch tried to take over more of the land and water ways Colonist built a great WALL (Wall Street) New England colonies wanted the Dutch out but Massachusetts would have had to provide most of the troops
69. Friction in New England Swedish trespassed making a colony on the Delaware River The golden age for Sweden began and followed the Thirty Year War 1618-1648. King Gustavus was a strong Protestant and became interested in the new world The Dutch sent attacks against the Swedish and the colony soon fell
70. Dutch Residues in New York Charles II had granted the Hudson River area to his brother the Duke of York. After defeating the Swedish and keeping out Indians, the Dutch director-general Peter Stuyvesant was low on ammunition and had to surrender to an attacking English Squadron without a fight. New Amsterdam became New York The aristocratic policies of New York prevented it from growing quickly. Dutch influence of Easter, Santa, waffles, golf, skating etc. still carried over.
71. Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania The Quakers (The Religious Society of Friends) would take no oath and pay no taxes. They believed in turning the other cheek and a policy of no conflict. They believed in a simple life 16 year old William Penn was attracted to the Quakers against his father’s wishes. By 17, 1601, he had secured land in the US The settlement attracted carpenters, masons, shoemakers, etc. By offering honest large holdings
72. Quaker Pennsylvania & Its Neighbors Dutch, English and Welsh squatters moved to Pennsylvania Penn bought land from Chief Tammany and worked along side the Indians even using them to babysit. Scots Irish did not like Indian policy. Catholic and Jew were still persecuted by crown law. Pennsylvania's success and it’s lack of preparing for defense caused problem. Bluntness and Friendship with James II caused even more resentment from others
73. The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies River flow (Susquehanna, Delaware, & Hudson) make New York, New Jersey, Delaware, & Pennsylvania, fertile land for grains.
74. American Life in the Seventeenth Century As settlements became permanent people began to adjust and beliefs began to either become softer as the Puritans’ did as they adjusted to the hardships of the New World and the mix of cultures around them or to crystallize as the problems between the old and New World did as they realized that the cultures and needs were very different
75. The Unhealthy Chesapeake Age expectancy was forty for women and fifty for men due to hardship, malaria, typhoid, dysentery, etc. The population grew threw immigration until the end of the 17th century. Men outnumbered women almost 6 to 1 until after 1650 Weak family ties and many pregnant unmarried young woman resulted until the number of female immigrants increased. By the 18th Century Virginia & Maryland were growing on their own
76. The Tobacco Economy The Chesapeake was good for growing Tobacco (1.5 million lbs/year) Taking land up river for crops meant taking more Indian land. (increase to 40 million lbs/year) Prices drop as production increased so farmers planted more and needed more laborers. Family and Indians were not enough Indenture servants who receive freedom dues of corn, suit and small plot after years of work became popular. Head right system gave freedom dues to person who paid passage
77. Indentures and Masters Master acquired rights to up to fifty acres for paying passage. The became plantation lords with many indentured servants (100,000 white slaves in the Chesapeake area by 1700) Masters resisted giving land in freedom dues and servants who “misbehaved” were given extended terms. When freedom was given, poor freemen and women had to hire out to old masters at ridiculously low wage just to make enough to survive.
78. Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion Freeholders wanted Indians removed from treaty lands. 1st they killed 30 natives then later attacked a Susquehannockvillage killing the chiefs the Susquehannockretaliated. Governor Berkely was in negotiations with the Doeg and the Pamunkey trying to prevent further retaliation when Nathanial Bacon began further mob action. Berkely wanted to fortify. Bacon and group said to costly and Berkley must be put aside. Bacon is arrested and put in Jail. Mob breaks out.
79. Bacon’s Rebellion July 30, 1676 declaration issued demanding Indians be killed. Sept. 19 Jamestown burned to the ground. Bacon became ill & died of dysentery in October and the rebellion with him. Berkely hanged 23 men (book says 20) Bacon's Rebellion". Jamestown Historic Briefs. Retrieved 2007-07-06. Cambridge University Press
80. Colonial Slavery 10 million from Africa…400,000 to North America (mostly after 1700) About 2000 had come between 1619 and 1670 to Virginia 1680 England economy improves: wages go up so risk takers go down; therefore source of indentures goes down 1698 Royal African Company lost its crown granted monopoly; Americans (Rhode Island) rush to trade
81. Slavery to Discrimination By 1750 ½ of Virginians are Black and more than ½ S Carolinians Came from West coast Senegal to Angola through Middle Passage to Newport, Rhode Island Charleston, on hot muggy ships with death rates of up to 20% Little difference between slave and servant. Little remorse in white population. By 1660 racial laws begin to distinguish and blacks start becoming property or “chattels”
82. Africans in America Climate and work was hostile to their health (only importing kept the population up in S Carolina rice and indigo plantations. Virginia Tobacco farms were less demanding and allowed more socialization so Chesapeake slave population began to rise. Native African-American language and culture starts to mix in. Gullah (probably Angolan) words mix in. Jazz with banjo and drum A few artisans and craftsman but mostly laborers
83. Africans in America They naturally wanted freedom They were whipped Revolts (New York 1712) often became violent Slaves seemed more manageable than indentures
84. Southern Society Southern plantation owner: owned land, owned gangs of slaves, ruled economy and had monopoly on political power. Operated in Clans; Fitzhughs, Lees, Washingtons Hard-working, businesslike laborers who did well in plantation management Small farmers: owned modest plot of land & possibly a few slaves or indentures, lived poor, hand-to-mouth, Landless whites: indentures or luckless former servants
85. Southern Society Black Slaves: Cities may have some urban class professionals Waterways were principle transportation Family burial plots Life revolved around large plantations
86. From African to African American
87. The New England Family Clean water and cool temperatures helped add 10 years to the lives of New Englanders. Many lived to be 70 They migrated as families and were very fertile though death in childbirth was a problem for women. Women often had 10 children if only 8 lived. There may be children from different mothers in the same house and all were the responsibility of the current wife/mother. Longevity => stability for children, grandparents, low premarital pregnancy rates, tranquil social structure
88. Comparing Families Families in the North were strong and widows and wives property were protected. In the south, were the family structure was loose and death often caused women to be alone, their property rights were protected as individuals The concept of Women’s Rights begins
89. Life in the New England Towns
90. The Half Way Covenant & the Salem Witch Trials
91. The New England Way of Life
92. The Early Settlers Days and Ways