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Digestion

Digestion. Food: The easiest thing you will pass in school. Table 41.2. Table 41.1. Figure 41.5. Nutrient molecules enter body cells. Mechanical digestion. Chemical digestion (enzymatic hydrolysis). Undigested material. 1. Ingestion. 2. Digestion. 3. Absorption. 4.

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Digestion

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  1. Digestion Food: The easiest thing you will pass in school

  2. Table 41.2

  3. Table 41.1

  4. Figure 41.5 Nutrient molecules enter body cells Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion (enzymatic hydrolysis) Undigested material 1 Ingestion 2 Digestion 3 Absorption 4 Elimination

  5. Tongue Oral cavity Figure 41.9a Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Liver Sphincter Gall- bladder Sphincter Pancreas Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Duodenum of small intestine Rectum Anus

  6. Mouth Figure 41.9b Salivary glands Esophagus Gall- bladder Stomach Small intestine Liver Pancreas Large intestine Rectum Anus Schematic diagram

  7. Figure 41.10-1 Bolus of food Tongue Epiglottis up Pharynx Esophageal sphincter contracted Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophagus To lungs To stomach

  8. Figure 41.10-2 Bolus of food Tongue Epiglottis up Pharynx Esophageal sphincter contracted Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophagus To lungs To stomach

  9. Figure 41.10-3 Bolus of food Tongue Epiglottis up Pharynx Esophageal sphincter contracted Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophagus Relaxed muscles To lungs To stomach Contracted muscles Sphincter relaxed Stomach

  10. Esophagus Sphincter Figure 41.11 Stomach Sphincter Small intestine 10 m Folds of epithelial tissue Epithelium Gastric pits on interior surface of stomach 3 Pepsinogen Pepsin 2 Gastric gland HCl Chief cell 1 Mucous cell H Cl Parietal cell Chief cell Parietal cell

  11. Figure 41.19a 1 Food Liver Stomach Gastrin Gastric juices  Gallbladder Pancreas Duodenum of small intestine Key  Stimulation Inhibition 

  12. 2 Figure 41.19b Bile Chyme CCK  HCO3, enzymes Secretin CCK   Key Stimulation Inhibition  

  13. Figure 41.19c 3 Secretin and CCK  Gastric juices Key Stimulation Inhibition  

  14. Pancreas secretes insulin. Figure 41.20 Transport of glucose into body cells and storage of glucose as glycogen Stimulus: Blood glucose level rises after eating. Homeostasis: 70–110 mg glucose/ 100 mL blood Stimulus: Blood glucose level drops below set point. Breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into blood Pancreas secretes glucagon.

  15. Vein carrying blood to liver Figure 41.13a Muscle layers Villi Large circular folds Intestinal wall Key Nutrient absorption

  16. Microvilli (brush border) at apical (lumenal) surface Villi Figure 41.13b Lumen Epithelial cells Blood capillaries Epithelial cells Basal surface Lacteal Key Lymph vessel Nutrient absorption

  17. LUMEN OF SMALLINTESTINE Triglycerides Figure 41.14 Epithelial cell Mono- glycerides Fatty acids Triglycerides Phospho- lipids, cholesterol, and proteins Chylomicron Lacteal

  18. Figure 41.21 Satiety center Ghrelin  Insulin  Leptin  PYY 

  19. Carbohydrate digestion Figure 41.12-4 Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Polysaccharides Disaccharides Salivary amylase Smaller polysaccharides Maltose Protein digestion Stomach Proteins Pepsin Small polypeptides Nucleic acid digestion Fat digestion Small intestine (enzymes from pancreas) Fat (triglycerides) DNA, RNA Pancreatic amylases Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin Pancreatic nucleases Disaccharides Smaller polypeptides Nucleotides Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic carboxypeptidase Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides Small peptides Small intestine (enzymes from epithelium) Nucleotidases Dipeptidases, carboxy- peptidase, and aminopeptidase Nucleosides Disaccharidases Nucleosidases and phosphatases Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates Amino acids Monosaccharides

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