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Definition:broadly speaking , a drug is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function.There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in: drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage. In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance used in: • the treatment • cure • prevention • diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being. Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.
Etymology Drug is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly deriving later into "droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry barrels", referring to medicinal plants preserved in them Drug types: • Medication • Recreational drugs • Spiritual drugs • Nootropics
A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure and/or meliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition, or may be used as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms.
Recreational drugs are psychoactive substances used to have fun, for the experience, or to enhance an already positive experience. • National laws prohibit the use of many different recreational drugs and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use . • Many recreational drugs on the other hand are legal, widely culturally accepted, and at the most have an age restriction on using and/or purchasing them. These include alcohol, tobacco, betel nut, and caffeine products.
The spiritual and religious use of drugs has been occurring since the dawn of our species. Drugs that are considered to have spiritual or religious use are called ENTHEOGENS . Some religious are based completely on the use of certain drugs. Entheogens are mostly hallucinogens , being either psychedelics or delirients , but some are also stimulants and sedatives.
Definition of ENTHEOGENS : • ‘ God within us ‘ ,those plant substances , that when ingested give one a divine • expirience. • There are different types of entheogens: • Emphatogens- substances which cause or help to indetify with the feelings • of other or feel sense of connection with others. • Oneirogens- substances which cause dreams. . . or which cause changes in • dreams. • Psychotomimetics-substances that duplicate the symptoms of mental illness. • As such,theymay serve as exploratory tools in the study • of some forms of psychosis and sensory disorders.
SYRIAN RUE (Peganumharmala) grows from the Mediterranean to northern India, Mongolia, and Manchuria. Everywhere it has many uses in folk medicine. Its seeds have been employed as a spice, and its fruits are the source of a red color and an oil. The seeds possess known hallucinogenic alkaloids, especially harmine and harmaline. The esteem in which the peoples of Asia hold the plant is so extraordinary that it might indicate a former religious use as an hallucinogen, but the purposeful use of the plant to induce visions has not yet been established through the literature or field work.
Nootropics, also commonly referred to as "smart drugs", are drugs that are claimed to improve human cognitive abilities. Nootropics are used to improve memory, concentration, thought, mood, learning, and many other things. • Some nootropics are now beginning to be used to treat certain diseases such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. They are also commonly used to regain brain function lost during aging
“MIND BOOSTERS” • Natural supplements that enhance : • Memory • Mind • Mood
Drugs, both medicinal and recreational, can be administered in a number of ways: • Orally, as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the stomach. • Sublingually, diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue. • Inhaled, (breathed into the lungs), as a vapor. • Injected as a liquid either: intramuscular,intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraosseous. • Rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the colon. • Vaginally as a suppository, primarily to treat vaginal infections. • Bolus, a substance into the stomach to dissolve slowly. • Insufflation, or snorted into the nose. • Many drugs can be administered in a variety of ways.
*DRUGS SOURCES: • Nature • Plant derived extracts • Microbial metabolites • Chemical and biological laboratories • Half synthetic drugs • Synthetic drugs
BEST SELLING DRUGS IN 2009 Billion $
. Sometimes a viral infection can weaken the immune system, particularly in certain "at-risk" groups like the elderly, the very young, and post-surgery or other trauma patients. • As a result, a viral infection may sometimes lead to the development of a secondary bacterial infection. It is this secondary bacterial infection that is often the reason why antibiotics are prescribed to patients with viral infections. Surely it would make more sense to wait to see if a bacterial infection develops and, if concerned, to boost the immunity of the person at risk first with natural means. Antibiotics should be used only if absolutely necessary in the prevention of a secondary bacterial infection. In very simple terms, bacteriascan be described as single celled organisms. They have a cell wall and a plasma membrane, and they contain genetic material. Antibiotics can kill bacteria by damaging different parts of the bacterial cell (for example, penicillin damages the cell wall). • Viruses are not living cells. They have no cell wall and no plasma membrane. They are not able to carry out chemical reactions; therefore, they cannot reproduce or multiply by themselves. As viruses do not contain structures that antibiotics can attack, these drugs are useless against viruses.
THE DANGERS OF EXCESSIVE ANTIBIOTIC USE • Overuse of antibiotics can cause many problems, even life-threatening problems for some. • If antibiotics, are used inappropriately or for a too short period of time, bacteria can develop resistance to them. • Resistant strains are then able to counteract the effects of antibiotics when they next come into contact with it. In this way, the drug begins to become ineffective. When many types of bacteria start to develop resistance to a drug, the drug begins to become useless. • As a result of this, more powerful antibiotics have to be synthesized . • But , the pace at which bacterial resistance is developing is much faster than the pace at which drug companies are able to produce new antibiotics. • Because of the overuse of antibiotics, allergic reactions to these drugs are increasingly common. It used to be that 5 to 10 percent of people developed allergic reactions to antibiotics, mainly penicillin .
A Solution to Antibiotic Resistance In some countries medical professionals are now using a particular type of honey from New Zealand known as Manuka Honey to treat infections caused by bacteria that have developed a resistance to antibiotics.
Most commercial drug ???? • TABACCO, by cigarettes . • Effects of consumin alcohol with drugs ??? • Slower barin functions and functions of whole CNS. That alters person’s emotins, • movements, visions… Alcohol products have synergistic effects with: sedatives • narcotics • some analgesics . • Nasal spray addiction??? • On the bottle says ‘’use only few days’’. After few days of using ,people become to be irritable because of ADRENERGIC effects of nasal decongestives .
Questions: • Drug types??? • Ways of drug using? • Most harmful drug? • Most commercial drug? • Most famousenootropic?
Key words : Colloquial usage :svakodnevna/uobicajenaupotreba Medication/Medicine: lekovitosredstvo Recreational drug : opijati/sredstvazauzivanje Entheogens : psihoaktivnesupstancekoje se koriste u religijskesvrhe Nootropic : stimulanskognitivnihsposobnosti Diffusing : prenositi Bolus :pomocnasupstancakojapotpomazedostizanjeefektivne koncentracijelekanamestudelovanja Syrian rue: gorskaruta
Resistance strains: otpornisojevi Increasingly common: sve vise / sveucestanije Exploratory tool: istrazivackialat / istrazivackoorudje
