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[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]

Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:. [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:. [ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] [ S I believed [ S him to be kind]].

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[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]]

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  1. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]

  2. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]]

  3. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]]

  4. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]]

  5. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]] [S Bill [VP killed John]]

  6. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]] [S Bill [VP killed John]] [S NP [VP was killed John]]

  7. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]] [S Bill [VP killed John]] [S NP [VP was killed John]] 1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:

  8. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]] [S Bill [VP killed John]] [S NP [VP was killed John]] 1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]] 2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:

  9. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]] [S Bill [VP killed John]] [S NP [VP was killed John]] 1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]] 2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]] 4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]] Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:

  10. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]] [S Bill [VP killed John]] [S NP [VP was killed John]] 1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]] 2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]] 4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]] 6. [S John [VP' was killed]] Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:

  11. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]] [S Bill [VP killed John]] [S NP [VP was killed John]] 1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]] 2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]] 4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]] 6. [S John [VP' was killed]] Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar: How does LFG capture

  12. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]] [S Bill [VP killed John]] [S NP [VP was killed John]] 1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]] 2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]] 4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]] 6. [S John [VP' was killed]] Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar: • How does LFG capture • the difference between 1 and 2,

  13. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]] [S Bill [VP killed John]] [S NP [VP was killed John]] 1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]] 2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]] 4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]] 6. [S John [VP' was killed]] Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar: • How does LFG capture • the difference between 1 and 2, • the non-argument status of the subject of 4,

  14. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]] [S Bill [VP killed John]] [S NP [VP was killed John]] 1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]] 2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]] 4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]] 6. [S John [VP' was killed]] Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar: • How does LFG capture • the difference between 1 and 2, • the non-argument status of the subject of 4, • and the semantic role of the subject of 6?

  15. Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar: [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]] [S I believed [S him to be kind]] [S NP seems [S John to shout]] [S NP tends [S John to shout]] [S Bill [VP killed John]] [S NP [VP was killed John]] 1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]] 2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]] 4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]] 6. [S John [VP' was killed]] Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar: • How does LFG capture • the difference between 1 and 2, • the non-argument status of the subject of 4, • and the semantic role of the subject of 6? • Answer: Don’t operate on the trees, • but annotate them with relevant information • about syntactic functions and semantic arguments.

  16. S VP NP I VP' V NP forced him TO VP to V AP be kind

  17. S S VP NP VP I NP I VP' V NP forced him VP' V NP believed him TO VP to TO VP to V AP be kind V AP be kind

  18. S S VP NP VP I NP I VP' V NP forced him VP' V NP believed him TO VP to TO VP to V AP S be kind V AP be kind VP NP John V VP' tends TO VP to V shout

  19. S S VP NP VP I NP I VP' V NP forced him VP' V NP believed him TO VP to TO VP to V AP S be kind S V AP be kind VP NP VP NP John John V V VP' tends VP was TO VP V PP to killed V P NP shout by Bill

  20. S S SUBJ VP NP VP I NP OBJ XCOMP I VP' V NP forced him VP' V NP PRET believed him ’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’ TO VP to TO VP to V AP S be kind S V AP INF be kind VP NP VP NP John John V V VP' tends VP was TO VP V PP to killed V P NP shout by Bill

  21. S S SUBJ VP NP SUBJ VP I NP OBJ XCOMP I VP' V NP OBJ XCOMP forced him VP' V NP PRET believed him ’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’ PRET TO VP BELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’ to TO VP to V AP S be kind S V AP INF be kind INF VP NP VP NP John John V V VP' tends VP was TO VP V PP to killed V P NP shout by Bill

  22. S S SUBJ VP NP SUBJ VP I NP OBJ XCOMP I VP' V NP OBJ XCOMP forced him VP' V NP PRET believed him ’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’ PRET TO VP BELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’ to TO VP to V AP S be kind S V AP INF be kind SUBJ INF VP NP VP NP John John XCOMP V V VP' tends VP was PRES TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’ TO VP V PP to killed V P NP shout by Bill INF

  23. S S SUBJ VP NP SUBJ VP I NP OBJ XCOMP I VP' V NP OBJ XCOMP forced him VP' V NP PRET believed him ’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’ PRET TO VP BELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’ to TO VP to V AP S be kind S V AP INF be kind SUBJ INF SUBJ VP NP VP NP John John XCOMP V V VP' tends VP was PRES TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’ OBLag TO VP V PP to killed KILL ‹OBLag SUBJ›’ V P NP shout by Bill INF

  24. The functional information in the annotations is represented in a separate functional structure (f-structure), in the form of an attribute-value graph:

  25. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  26. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  27. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  28. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  29. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  30. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ Describing parts of the structure by means of equations CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  31. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ Describing parts of the structure by means of equations f1 (TENSE) = pret CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  32. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ Describing parts of the structure by means of equations f1 (TENSE) = pret f1 (SUBJ) = f2 CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  33. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ Describing parts of the structure by means of equations f1 (TENSE) = pret f1 (SUBJ) = f2 f2 (CASE) = nom CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  34. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ Describing parts of the structure by means of equations f1 (TENSE) = pret f1 (SUBJ) = f2 f2 (CASE) = nom f1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  35. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ Describing parts of the structure by means of equations f1 (TENSE) = pret f1 (SUBJ) = f2 f2 (CASE) = nom f1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom f2 CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  36. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ Describing parts of the structure by means of equations f1 (TENSE) = pret f1 (SUBJ) = f2 f2 (CASE) = nom f1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom f2 Alternative notation: (f1 TENSE) = pret (f1 SUBJ) = f2 (f2 CASE) = nom (f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP

  37. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ Describing parts of the structure by means of equations f1 (TENSE) = pret f1 (SUBJ) = f2 f2 (CASE) = nom f1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom f2 Alternative notation: (f1 TENSE) = pret (f1 SUBJ) = f2 (f2 CASE) = nom (f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP (f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)

  38. F-structure for I forced him to leave f2 f1 PRED ’I’ SUBJ Describing parts of the structure by means of equations f1 (TENSE) = pret f1 (SUBJ) = f2 f2 (CASE) = nom f1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom f2 Alternative notation: (f1 TENSE) = pret (f1 SUBJ) = f2 (f2 CASE) = nom (f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom CASE nom TENSE pret PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJOBJXCOMP ›’ f5 PRED ’HE’ CASE obl NUM sg OBJ f6 SUBJ PRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’ XCOMP (f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)

  39. How to incorporatef-structure informationinto a grammar

  40. S -> NP VP VP -> V (NP) (VP')

  41.  ( SUBJ) ( OBJ)      ( XCOMP) S -> NP VP VP -> V (NP) (VP')

  42.  ( SUBJ) ( OBJ)      ( XCOMP) S -> NP VP VP -> V (NP) (VP') forced:( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)       

  43.  ( SUBJ) ( OBJ)      ( XCOMP) S -> NP VP VP -> V (NP) (VP') forced:( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)        S VP NP I V NP VP' him forced to leave

  44.    ( SUBJ) ( OBJ) ( SUBJ) ( OBJ)           ( XCOMP) ( XCOMP) S -> NP VP VP -> V (NP) (VP') forced:( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)        S VP NP I V NP VP' him forced to leave

  45.    ( SUBJ) ( SUBJ) ( OBJ) ( OBJ)           ( XCOMP) ( XCOMP) S -> NP VP VP -> V (NP) (VP') forced:( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)        S VP NP I V NP VP' him forced  ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)    to leave   

  46.    ( SUBJ) ( OBJ) ( OBJ) ( SUBJ)           ( XCOMP) ( XCOMP) S -> NP VP VP -> V (NP) (VP') forced:( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)        Index the c-structure nodes S:1 VP:3 NP:2 I V:4 NP:5 VP':6 him forced  ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)    to leave   

  47.   ( SUBJ) ( OBJ) ( OBJ)           ( XCOMP) ( XCOMP) S -> NP VP VP -> V (NP) (VP') forced:( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)        Instantiate the metavariables: Replace them with f-structure variables based on the node indices. S:1 (f1 SUBJ) VP:3 NP:2 I V:4 NP:5 VP':6 him forced  ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)    to leave   

  48.   ( SUBJ) ( OBJ) ( OBJ)           ( XCOMP) ( XCOMP) S -> NP VP VP -> V (NP) (VP') forced:( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)        Instantiate the metavariables: Replace them with f-structure variables based on the node indices. S:1 (f1 SUBJ)f2 VP:3 NP:2 I V:4 NP:5 VP':6 him forced  ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)    to leave   

  49.   ( SUBJ) ( OBJ) ( OBJ)         ( XCOMP) ( XCOMP) S -> NP VP VP -> V (NP) (VP') forced:( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)        Instantiate the metavariables: Replace them with f-structure variables based on the node indices. S:1 f1 (f1 SUBJ)f2 VP:3 NP:2 I V:4 NP:5 VP':6 him forced  ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)    to leave   

  50.   ( SUBJ) ( OBJ) ( OBJ)         ( XCOMP) ( XCOMP) S -> NP VP VP -> V (NP) (VP') forced:( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)        Instantiate the metavariables: Replace them with f-structure variables based on the node indices. S:1 f1f3 (f1 SUBJ)f2 VP:3 NP:2 I V:4 NP:5 VP':6 him forced  ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›' ( TENSE) = pret ( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)    to leave   

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