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Cells and Tissues

Cells and Tissues. Cells and Tissues. Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Good Morning Anatomy Students!.

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Cells and Tissues

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  1. Cells and Tissues

  2. Cells and Tissues • Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life • Cells are the building blocks of all living things • Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

  3. Good Morning Anatomy Students! • Warm Up: Record and answer the following question on p.9 of your notebook (10 min) • Name the four elements that compose living matter. • Distinguish between cell, organelles and inclusion. • EQ: How are cell organelles like a factory? • (Write this question and be prepared to answer at end of class).

  4. Anatomy of the Cell • Cells are not all the same • All cells share general structures • Cells are organized into three main regions • Nucleus • Cytoplasm • Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

  5. The Nucleus • Control center of the cell • Contains genetic material (DNA) • Three regions • Nuclear membrane • Nucleolus • Chromatin Figure 3.1b

  6. Nuclear Membrane • Barrier of nucleus • Consists of a double phospholipid membrane • Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

  7. Nucleoli • Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli • Sites of ribosome production • Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

  8. Chromatin • Composed of DNA and protein • Scattered throughout the nucleus • Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

  9. Plasma Membrane • Barrier for cell contents • Double phospholipid layer • Hydrophilic heads • Hydrophobic tails • Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins PRESS TO PLAY MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ANIMATION

  10. Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2

  11. Plasma Membrane Specializations • Microvilli • Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3

  12. Plasma Membrane Specializations • Membrane junctions • Tight junctions • Desmosomes • Gap junctions Figure 3.3

  13. Warm Up • Define the following terms on p. 10 of your Notebook (NB): • Selective permeability • Diffusion (Simple & Facilitated) • Active transport • Exocytosis • Endocytosis • Hypertonic/ Hypotonic/Isotonic

  14. Cytoplasm • Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane • Cytosol • Fluid that suspends other elements • Organelles • Metabolic machinery of the cell • Inclusions • Non-functioning units

  15. Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4

  16. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Ribosomes • Made of protein and RNA • Sites of protein synthesis • Found at two locations • Free in the cytoplasm • Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

  17. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances • Two types of ER • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Studded with ribosomes • Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

  18. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Golgi apparatus • Modifies and packages proteins • Produces different types of packages • Secretory vesicles • Cell membrane components • Lysosomes

  19. Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.6

  20. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Lysosomes • Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell • Peroxisomes • Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes • Detoxify harmful substances • Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) • Replicate by pinching in half

  21. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Mitochondria • “Powerhouses” of the cell • Change shape continuously • Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food • Provides ATP for cellular energy

  22. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Cytoskeleton • Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm • Provides the cell with an internal framework Figure 3.7a

  23. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Cytoskeleton • Three different types • Microfilaments • Intermediate filaments • Microtubules Figure 3.7b–d

  24. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Centrioles • Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules • Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

  25. Cellular Projections • Not found in all cells • Used for movement • Cilia moves materials across the cell surface • Flagellum propels the cell

  26. Cell Diversity Figure 3.8a–b

  27. Cell Diversity Figure 3.8c

  28. Cell Diversity Figure 3.8d–e

  29. Cell Diversity Figure 3.8f–g

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