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Understanding Cells and Tissues: Key Components and Functions

Explore the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the role of the nucleus and proteins, and major tissue types like muscle, connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.

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Understanding Cells and Tissues: Key Components and Functions

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  1. Cells and Tissues

  2. Two Types of Cells • Prokaryotic • Domains bacteria and archaea • No nucleus or membranous organelles • Typically small < 10m • Single circular chromosome • Eukaryotic • Domain eukarya • Have a nucleus (sometimes more than 1) • Have numerous membranous organelles • Larger than 20 m (usually >100 m) • Multiple, linear chromosomes within nucleus

  3. Animal Cell

  4. Nucleus Gene Expression DNA transcribed RNA translated Protein • Houses chromosomes - DNA • Transcription – production of RNA from DNA

  5. Chromosome Structure • Each chromatid is a DNA double helix • Aggregate of genes

  6. Chromosome • Chromosomes attach to microtubules to be separated during cell division • Each daughter cell receives 1 chromatid of each chromosome Sister

  7. Mitosis

  8. Cell Membrane • Encloses cell • Regulates entry/exit of materials

  9. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes – protein synthesis • ER – processing of proteins

  10. Golgi Apparatus • Processing of proteins for secretion

  11. Production & Secretion of Proteins

  12. Mitochondrion • Production of ATP • ATP used to activate proteins

  13. Major Tissue Types

  14. Muscle Tissue • 3 major types • Cardiac • Skeletal (striated) • Smooth • Major proteins • Contractile proteins • Actin • Myosin

  15. Muscle Tissue: Skeletal • Multinucleated cells

  16. Muscle Tissue: Cardiac • Striations, but unfused cells

  17. Muscle Tissue: Smooth • Mononucleate • Two layers – circumferential & longitudinal

  18. Connective Tissues • Adipose • Areolar • Cartilage • Bone • Blood • Extracellular matrix • Collagen, elastin • Collagen, hydroxyapatite • Plasma proteins (fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, albumin, HDL/LDL, etc)

  19. Connective Tissue: Areolar

  20. Connective Tissue: Adipose

  21. Connective Tissues: Cartilage & Bone

  22. Connective Tissue: Blood • RBCs • WBCs

  23. Epithelial Tissue • Tightly connected cells • Line exterior of body • Line interior of cavities • Gut, blood vessels, lymph vessels, glands • Secretion • Sweat • Digestive enzymes • Milk

  24. Epithelial Tissues

  25. Neural Tissue • Neurons • Glia

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