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Understanding IP Addressing: A Comprehensive Guide to IPv4 and IPv6

This chapter delves into the fundamentals of IP addressing, focusing on both IPv4 and IPv6. Learn about the structure and significance of IP addresses, including the role of subnet masks, types of addresses (unicast, broadcast, multicast), and the differences between public and private addresses. Gain insights into IPv6 addressing and how it caters to the growing number of internet-connected devices. The chapter also covers practical skills, such as configuring global unicast addresses and using tools like ping and traceroute for network diagnostics.

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Understanding IP Addressing: A Comprehensive Guide to IPv4 and IPv6

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  1. Ip addressing Chapter 8 Intro to Routing & Switching

  2. objectives • Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: • Describe the structure of an IPv4 address. • Describe the purpose of the subnet mask. • Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses. • Compare the use of public and private addresses. • Explain the need for IPv6 addressing. • Describe the representation of an IPv6 address. • Describe types of IPv6 network addresses. • Configure global unicast addresses. • Describe multicast addresses. • Describe the role of ICMP in an IP network. • Use ping & traceroute to test network connectivity.

  3. 8.1 Ipv4 addresses

  4. Purpose of an IP Address • Each host needs IP to communicate • Logical address • Assigned to the NIC • Computers, network printer, router interfaces • Remember • Packet has source & destination IP

  5. Everything is IP • What protocol translates the name to the IP address? • DNS • What port does it use? • 53

  6. IP Address Facts • Logical (not physical like MAC) • IPv4 has 32 bits, 4 octets • 8 bits in each octet • 11111111.10101010.11001100.00100101 • Convert that to decimal: • 192.101.28.36 • Value in each octet from 0-255 • That’s a total of 256 numbers.

  7. Convert binary to decimal • Add up the values of the binary 1’s • 156 • 11100101 • 229

  8. Binary/Decimal Conversions • 8.1.1.4 Binary to Decimal Conversions • Add up the bit values to come up with the decimal answer • 8.1.1.7 Decimal to Binary Conversions • Convert the decimal number to bits • 8.1.1.8 Binary Game • Create an account on cisco.com

  9. Review • How many bits in an IPv4 address? • 32 • How many octets? How many bits in each? • 4 octets; 8 bits in each • What can be the decimal value range of each octet? • 0-255 • How many numbers is 0-255? • 256

  10. 8.2 parts of the address & the subnet mask

  11. Parts of an IP Address • Network portion • Identifies network to the router • Router cares about this part • Host portion • Identifies the specific host • Router doesn’t care about this part • Hierarchical Addressing • 192.175.36.9

  12. Activity

  13. IP & Subnet Mask Interaction • Subnet Mask • Helps router decide which network packet is on • Helps show which part of IP is network & host • 32 bits • 192.168.6.5 255.255.255.0 • Binary 1’s - ID the network portion • Binary 0’s - ID the host portion

  14. anding

  15. What network are these on?

  16. ANDing- What network? • 199.81.210.17 • 255.255.255.240 • What network does this belong to?

  17. Review • What is the purpose of the subnet mask? • To help the router identify the destination network • A packet enters a router. Which address does it look at? • Destination IP • What process does it do with the destination IP & the subnet mask? • ANDs it • What is the result of the ANDing? • The destination network

  18. How many hosts? Unsubnetted • SM helps tells us how many hosts are on that network • 255.255.255.00000000 • Binary 0= identifies # of hosts on that network • 8 ZEROS is 28=256 • Subtract 2 for useable number • Unusable: • 00000000 (.0) is the network ID • 11111111 (.255) is the broadcast address for a network • Total Useable is 254

  19. How many total & useable hosts? unsubnetted • SM 255.255.255.128 • 128= 10000000 • 27= 128-2 is 126 hosts • SM 255.255.255.224 • 224= 11100000 • 25= 32-2 is 30 hosts • SM 255.255.240.0 • .240.0= 11110000.00000000 • 212= 4096-2 is 4094 hosts

  20. Figure It Out • One PC is 192.168.18.107 255.255.255.0 • What is network does it belong to? • How many useable hosts? • Give PC’s addresses.

  21. 8.1.4 Types of ip addresses ipv4 classful

  22. IP Classes & Default SM • Class A • Large organizations • 1-126 • Default SM= 255.0.0.0 • One octet for network, 3 octets for hosts • How many hosts available? • 224= over 16 million • 10.52.33.7 • N.H.H.H • 255.0.0.0 • 120.111.99.87

  23. Class A Example • 15.7.92.5 255.0.0.0 • 15= Class A • Default SM for Class A= 255.0.0.0 • Network portion of address= 15. • Host portion= .7.92.5 • Network ID= 15.0.0.0 • All zero’s in the host portion • Broadcast address= 15.255.255.255 • All binary one’s in the host portion

  24. IP Classes & Default SM • Class B • Medium organizations • 128-191 • Default SM= 255.255.0.0 • Two octets for network, 2 octets for hosts • How many hosts available? • 216= over 65,000 • 130.52.33.7 • N.N.H.H • 255.255.0.0 • 185.111.99.87

  25. Class B Example • 167.101.52.36 255.255.0.0 • 167= Class B • Default SM for Class B= 255.255.0.0 • Network portion of address= 167.101 • Host portion= .52.36 • Network ID= 167.101.0.0 • All zero’s in the host portion • Broadcast address= 167.101.255.255 • All binary one’s in the host portion

  26. IP Classes & Default SM • Class C • Small organizations • 192-223 • Default SM= 255.255.255.0 • Three octets for network, 1 octet for hosts • How many hosts available? • 28= 256-2 (254 useable) • 199.52.33.7 • N.N.N.H • 255.255.255.0 • 220.111.99.87

  27. Class C Example • 210.44.200.89 255.255.255.0 • 210= Class C • Default SM for Class C= 255.255.255.0 • Network portion of address= 210.44.200 • Host portion= .89 • Network ID= 210.44.200.0 • All zero’s in the host portion • Broadcast address= 210.44.200.255 • All binary one’s in the host portion

  28. Other IP Classes & More • Class D not for hosts • D is multicast (one to a group) • 224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255 • Class E not for hosts • For testing only • 240-255 • All 0’s in host portion(s) = network ID • All 1’s in host portion(s)= broadcast CAN NOT USE THESE ADDRESSES FOR HOSTS!

  29. IP Cheat Sheet

  30. activity • Address 168.19.203.12 255.255.0.0 • What class? • What are the network portions? • What are the host portions? • What is the network address/ID? • What is the broadcast address? • What is the first usable address?

  31. activity • 8.1.2.8 Lab • 8.1.2.9 ANDing Activity • Determine the network address • Lots of Practice!

  32. Review Which version IP addresses are we dealing with? IPv4 How many bits in an IP address? 32 How many octets in an IP address? 4 Which part of this address is the host portion? 199.81.71.6 6

  33. Review Which network does this belong on? 201.14.6.5 255.255.255.0 201.14.6.0 network How many total hosts can be on that network? Useable? 256 254, why?

  34. 8.1.4 Public & private ip addresses

  35. Some addresses are reserved & can not be routed across Internet You can have a public IP for network/servers & private for hosts inside Saves IP addresses Public/Private IP’s

  36. Private IP’s • If host does not connect DIRECTLY to Internet, it can have a private IP • Router BLOCKS private IP’s • Great Security!!! • Private IP’s can not be seen from Internet • 127.0.0.0 range is reserved for loopback testing • 169 is APIPA (local link)- no IP received from DHCP server

  37. Private Nets

  38. activity • 8.1.4.2 Pass or Block IP Addresses • Decide to pass or block the IP depending upon if it’s private or public • 8.1.4.7 Public or Private • Drag each IP to public or private • Handout • Host, Network#, or Broadcast address, Class, default SM, usable/unusable for hosts

  39. Review- Q • What is the private range for class A? • 10 • What is the private range for B? • 172.16- 172.31 • What is the private range for C? • 192.168 • What is unique about the private addresses? • They are not routable • What does it mean if your address is 169? • APIPA; you did not get an IP from DHCP server

  40. 8.1.3 Unicast, multicast, broadcast

  41. UnicastAddress Communication • One-to-one or Source to destination

  42. Broadcast Address Communication • One-to-all (source to all) in segment • All hosts will look at it • All 1’s in host portion(s) of address • Broadcast IP & MAC (all F’s) • Default Broadcasts • A- 10.255.255.255 255.0.0.0 • B- 172.16.255.255 255.255.0.0 • C- 192.168.1.255 255.255.255.0

  43. Broadcast Address Communication

  44. Multicast Address Communication • One-to-group • Class D 224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255 • Multicast MAC begins with 01-00-5E • Where is it used? • Gaming • Distance learning

  45. Multicast Communication

  46. Which one, based on the MAC? • Unicast, Multicast, or Broadcast

  47. Activity • 8.1.3.6 Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast • Look at the destination IP & click the devices that will receive it • Try it several time • Handout • DOS • Netstat –e • Do this every 10 seconds • Pay attention to non-unicast packets

  48. Review 160.50.23.6 255.255.0.0; What network is this on? 160.50.0.0 Which default SM has the most hosts? Class A 255.0.0.0 Over 16 million! How many useable hosts in a Class C? 254 220.101.5.90 255.255.255.0; What network is this on? 220.101.5.0

  49. Review What are the private IP addresses? 10, 172.16-172.31, 192.168. What is the MAC broadcast frame in hex? FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF What is the MAC for a multicast? 01-00-5E One to one communication is… Unicast To send a unicast message, which addresses do you need? Source & dest. IP & MAC

  50. Test on ipv4

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