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IP Addressing

IP Addressing. IP Addressing is Logical Addressing It works on Network Layer (Layer 3) Two Version of Addressing Scheme IP version 4 – 32 bit addressing IP version 6 – 128 bit addressing. IP Addressing. First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Forth Octet. IP version 4. What is BIT ?

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IP Addressing

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  1. IPAddressing

  2. IP Addressing is Logical Addressing It works on Network Layer (Layer 3) Two Version of Addressing Scheme IP version 4 – 32 bit addressing IP version 6 – 128 bit addressing IP Addressing

  3. First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Forth Octet IP version 4 • What is BIT ? • Bit is a value that will represent 0’s or 1’s (i.e. Binary) • 01010101000001011011111100000001 • 32 bits are divided into 4 Octets known as Dotted Decimal Notation • 01010101. 00000101. 10111111. 00000001

  4. IP version 6 • 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries, and each 16-bit block is converted to a 4-digit hexadecimal number and separated by colons (Colon-Hex Notation)FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210

  5. Binary to Decimal Conversion Taking Example for First Octet : Total 8 bits, Value will be 0’s and 1’s i.e. 28 = 256 combination 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4 Total IP Address Range 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 to 255.255.255.255 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

  6. LAN & WAN Multicasting & Newsgroups Research & Development IP Address Classes • Total IP Addressing Scheme is divided • into 5 Classes • CLASS A • CLASS B • CLASS C • CLASS D • CLASS E

  7. Priority Bits Concept • To identify the range of each class we will be using Priority Bit Concept • Priority Bit is the left most bits in the First Octet • CLASS A priority bit is 0 • CLASS B priority bit is 10 • CLASS C priority bit is 110 • CLASS D priority bit is 1110 • CLASS E priority bit is 1111

  8. CLASS A Range For Class A range reserved first bit in first octet,the value of that bit should not change. 0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4 Class A Range 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 to 127.255.255.255 Exception 0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X network are reserved 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 127

  9. CLASS B Range For Class B range reserved first two bit in first octet,the value of that bit should not change. 10xxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 129 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 130 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 131 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 132 Class B Range 128. 0 . 0 . 0 to 191.255.255.255 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 191

  10. CLASS C Range For Class C range reserved first three bit in first octet,the value of that bit should not change. 110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 193 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 194 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 195 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 196 Class C Range 192. 0 . 0 . 0 to 223.255.255.255 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 = 223

  11. CLASS D Range For Class D range reserved first four bit in first octet,the value of that bit should not change. 1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 225 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 = 226 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 = 227 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 228 Class D Range 224. 0 . 0 . 0 to 239.255.255.255 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 = 239

  12. CLASS E Range For Class E range reserved first four bit in first octet,the value of that bit should not change. 1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 = 241 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 242 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 = 243 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 = 244 Class E Range 240. 0 . 0 . 0 to 255.255.255.255 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

  13. Octet Format • IP address is divided into Network & Host Portion • CLASS A is written as N.H.H.H • CLASS B is written as N.N.H.H • CLASS C is written as N.N.N.H

  14. CLASS A Networks & Host • Class A Octet Format is N.H.H.H • Network bits : 8 Host bits : 24 • No. of Networks • = 28-1 (-1 is Priority Bit for Class A) • = 27 • = 128 – 2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 Network) • = 126 Networks • No. of Host • = 224 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID) • = 16777216 - 2 • = 16777214 Hosts/Network CLASS A 126 Networks & 16777214 Hosts/Nw

  15. CLASS B Networks & Host • Class B Octet Format is N.N.H.H • Network bits : 16Host bits : 16 • No. of Networks • = 216-2 (-2 is Priority Bit for Class B) • = 214 • = 16384 Networks • No. of Host • = 216 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID) • = 65536 - 2 • = 65534 Hosts/Network CLASS B 16384 Networks & 65534 Hosts/Nw

  16. CLASS C Networks & Host • Class C Octet Format is N.N.N.H • Network bits : 24Host bits : 8 • No. of Networks • = 224-3 (-3 is Priority Bit for Class C) • = 221 • = 2097152 Networks • No. of Host • = 28 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID) • = 256 - 2 • = 254 Hosts/Network CLASS C 2097152 Networks & 254 Hosts/Nw

  17. The network address is represented with all bits as ZERO in the host portion of the address The broadcast address is represented with all bits as ONES in the host portion of the address Valid IP Addresses lie between the Network Address and the Broadcast Address. Only Valid IP Addresses are assigned to hosts/clients Network & Broadcast Address

  18. Class A : N.H.H.H Network Address : 0xxxxxxx.00000000.00000000.00000000 Broadcast Address : 0xxxxxxx.11111111.11111111.11111111 Network Address Valid IP Addresses Broadcast Address Example - Class A Class A 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.255.255.254 10.255.255.255

  19. Class B : N.N.H.H Network Address : 10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000.00000000 Broadcast Address : 10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111.11111111 Class B 172.16.0.0 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.3 172.16.255.254 172.16.255.255 Network Address Network Address Valid IP Addresses Broadcast Address Example - Class B

  20. Class C : N.N.N.H Network Address : 110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000 Broadcast Address : 110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111 Class C 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255 Network Address Network Address Valid IP Addresses Broadcast Address Example - Class C

  21. There are certain addresses in each class of IP address that are reserved for LAN. These addresses are called private addresses. They can be used for: home & office networks, ATM machines, networks not connected to Internet. Private IP Address Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

  22. Subnet Mask • Subnet Mask differentiates Network portion and Host Portion • Subnet Mask is been given for host Identification of Network ID • Represent all Network Bit Values with 1 • Represent all Host Bit Values with 0

  23. A portion of network Which may be a physically independent network Which share network address with other portion of bigger network What is Subnet ?

  24. Subnetting is essentially the modification of a singal IP network to create two or more logical visible sub section. It achieve by usesing bits from host portion of the IP address & reserves them to define a Subnet address What is subnetting ?

  25. Subnetting is required when one netwrok number needs to be distribute across multiple LAN segement . Hosts which dominate most of the LAN bandwidth need to isolated. When subnetting is necessary .

  26. How many subnets? 2x = number of subnets. x is the number of masked bits, or the 1s. How many hosts per subnet? 2y – 2 = number of hosts per subnet. y is the number of unmasked bits, or the 0s. You need to subtract two for the subnet/network address and the broadcast address, which are not valid hosts. What are the valid subnets? 256 – subnet mask = block size, or increment number. What’s the broadcast address for each subnet? the broadcast address is always the number right before the next subnet. What are the valid hosts? These are the numbers between the subnet and broadcast address. The Fast Way: Subnetting

  27. You can start by looking at the subnet requirement. In order to create the five needed subnets you would need to use three bits from the Class C host bits. Two bits would only allow you four subnets (22). Since you need three subnet bits, that leaves you with five bits for the host portion of the address. How many hosts will this support? 25 = 32 (30 usable). This meets the requirement. Class C network of 204.15.5.0/24

  28. netA: 204.15.5.0/27 netB: 204.15.5.32/27 netC: 204.15.5.64/27 netD: 204.15.5.96/27 netE: 204.15.5.128/27 Contt.. Host address range 1 to 30 Host address range 33 to 62 Host address range 65 to 94 Host address range 97 to 126 Host address range 129 to 158

  29. In all of the previous examples of subnetting you will notice that the same subnet mask was applied for all the subnets. This means that each subnet has the same number of available host addresses. You may need this in some cases, but, in most cases, having the same subnet mask for all subnets ends up wasting address space. For example, in the solution above, a class C network was split into eight equal-size subnets; however, each subnet did not utilize all available host addresses, which results in wasted address space. The figure below illustrates this wasted address space. VLSM-Variable Length Subnet Mask

  30. Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) allows you to use different masks for each subnet, thereby using address space efficiently. VLSM • netA: 204.15.5.0/27 • netB: 204.15.5.32/27 • netC: 204.15.5.64/27 • netD: 204.15.5.96/27 • netE: 204.15.5.128/27

  31. netA: requires a /28 (255.255.255.240) mask to support 14 hosts netB: requires a /27 (255.255.255.224) mask to support 28 hosts netC: requires a /30 (255.255.255.252) mask to support 2 hosts netD*: requires a /28 (255.255.255.240) mask to support 7 hosts netE: requires a /27 (255.255.255.224) mask to support 28 hosts  VLSM Solution :--- netB: 204.15.5.0/27 host address range 1 to 30 netE: 204.15.5.32/27 host address range 33 to 62 netA: 204.15.5.64/28 host address range 65 to 78 netD: 204.15.5.80/28 host address range 81 to 94 netC: 204.15.5.96/30 host address range 97 to 98

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