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IP ADDRESSING

IP ADDRESSING. REGIONAL TELECOM TRAINING CENTRE - AHMEDABAD. What is an IP address?. Each host on a TCP/IP network is uniquely identified at the IP layer with an address. An Internet Protocol (IP) address specifies the location of a host or client on the Internet. End user.

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IP ADDRESSING

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  1. IP ADDRESSING REGIONAL TELECOM TRAINING CENTRE - AHMEDABAD

  2. What is an IP address? • Each host on a TCP/IP network is uniquely identified at the IP layer with an address. • An Internet Protocol (IP) address specifies the location of a host or client on the Internet.

  3. End user Where do IP addresses come from? Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Standards Asia Pacific Network Information Centre Allocation Allocation Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) distribute IPv4, IPv6, and AS numbers to the Internet community Indian Registry for Internet Names and Numbers (IRINN)-nixi.in Assignment

  4. Regional Internet Registries 1992: “…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas:” (RFC 1338)

  5. Indian Registry (IRINN). • Govt. of India, Department of Electronics & Information Technology endorsed the operations of National Internet Registry (NIR) to National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI). • NIR is an entity under the umbrella of a Regional Internet Registry (RIR) which is Asia Pacific Network Information centre (APNIC). • NIXI was recognized by APNIC in March 2012 to become the NIR for the country. • The NIR has been named as Indian Registry for Internet Names and Numbers (IRINN).

  6. IP Addressing IPv4 : Total length of IP = 32 Bits Address space support is 232 IPv6 : Total length of IP = 128 Bits Address space support is 2128

  7. IPv4 Address Scheme IPV4 32 Bits • The address is 32 bits in length which is further separated into 4 bytes of 8 bits each. 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 172 . 16 . 122 . 204

  8. IPv4 Addressing • The address is not really separated but is read as a whole. • What the Internet machines see an IP address? 11001010000011100100000000000001 • The IP address is of the form : <NETWORK-ID , HOST-ID>

  9. IPv4 Addressing • The address can be expressed in decimal, octal, hexadecimal or binary. • Most common IP address form is Dotted Decimal Notation i.e. Decimal equivalent of each byte is separated by a dot. • In decimal, the address range is : 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

  10. IPv4 Address Scheme • Two types of addressing schemes for IPv4 • Classful • Classless • Classful • Original style of addressing based on first few bits of the address. • Generally used in customer sites. • Classless • A new type of addressing that disregards the class bit of an address and applies a variable prefix (mask) to determine the network number.

  11. IPv4 Classful Address Scheme • There are five classes of addresses : A, B, C, D & E. • A, B & C classes are used to represent host and network address. • Class D is a special type of address used for multicasting. • Class E is reserved for experimental use.

  12. IPv4 Address classes Class-A: N H H H Class-B: N N H H Class-C: N N N Class-D: For Multicast Class-E: For Research H • N=Network number assigned by IR. • H=Host number assigned by network administrator.

  13. Identifying a class of address A 0 7 bits Network Address 24 bits Host Address B 10 14 bits Network Address 16 bits Host Address C 110 21 bits Network Address 8 bits Host Address D 1110 Multicast address (224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255) E 1111 Reserved for future use Address Identifier Network Address Host Address

  14. IP Address Bit Patterns 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits Class-A: 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 127 Class-B: 128 - 191 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 Class-C: 110 1 1 1 1 1 110 0 0 0 0 0 192 - 223 Class-D: 1110 0 0 0 0 1110 1 1 1 1 224 - 239 Class-E: 11111 1 1 1 11110 0 0 0 240 - 255

  15. Class-A address (Networks) 0XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX Network Host 0 7 bits Network Address 24 bits Host Address • Number of Networks = 27i.e.128 (0-127) • Network ID ‘0’ is not used. • Network ID ‘127’ is reserved for loop back and is used for internal communication on a computer. • Number of Networks = 126 • Network IDs = 1-126

  16. Class-A address (Hosts) 0XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX Network Host 0 7 bits Network Address 24 bits Host Address • Number of Hosts = 224= 16777216 • No Host ID can have all zeros i.e. 0.0.0 and specifies network address. • No Host ID can have all ones • i.e. 255.255.255 and specifies broadcast address. • Number of Hosts per network = 224 - 2 = 16777214

  17. Class-B address 10XXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX Network Host 10 14 bits Network Address 16 bits Host Address • Number of Networks = 214i.e.16384 • Number of Hosts = 216i.e. 65,536 (0-65,535) • No Host ID can have all zeros i.e. 0.0 and specifies network address. • No Host ID can have all ones • i.e. 255.255 and specifies the broadcast address. • Number of Hosts per network= 216 - 2 = 65534

  18. Class-C address 110XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX Network Host 110 21 bits Network Address 8 bits Host Address • Number of Networks = 221i.e. 2097152 • Number of Hosts = 28 i.e. 256 (0 - 255) • No Host ID can have all zeros • i.e. 00000000 and specifies network address. • No Host ID can have all ones • i.e. 11111111 and specifies broadcast address • Number of Hosts = 28 - 2 = 254

  19. Class-D & E addresses 1110 Multicast address (224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255) 1111 Reserved for future use • Class D are special addresses are known as multicast addresses. • This address is assigned to a group of networks and not to represent a unique address. • This address is used to send IP datagrams to a group but not to all the hosts on the network. • This address is also used to address router update messages.

  20. Address space utilisation 128 127 100% 10000000 01111111 B-25% 10111111 0 191 0 1 A-50% 192 0 1 11000000 C-12.5% 11011111 1 0 223 D-6.25% 1 224 11100000 0 239 00000000 11101111 240 E-6.25% 0 255 11110000 11111111

  21. Networks Vs Hosts • In Classless environment we can have 232= 4294967296 Hosts

  22. IP Address Restrictions • The host portion of address can not be set to all 0s or all 1s. • Any address with all 0s in the network portion of the address space is meant to be “this” network. • Addresses can not be out of the 255 range for each byte.

  23. SUBNETTING • Chopping up of a network into a number of smaller networks is called subnetting. • Allows to assign some of the bits, normally used by the host portion of the address, to the network portion of the address. • The format of subnetted IP address will be<network number,subnet number,host number> • Subnet is a real network under a network. • Any of the classes can be subnetted.

  24. SUBNETTING A No of Hosts = 50 COMPANY ABC LAN IP Pool: 192.168.1.0 To 192.168.1.255

  25. SUBNETTING IP Pool: 192.168.1.0 To 192.168.1.255 B No of Hosts = 45 No of Hosts = 20 COMPANY DEF LAN 1 LAN 2

  26. SUBNETTING IP Pool: 192.168.1.0 To 192.168.1.255 C No of Hosts = 45 No of Hosts = 20 192.168.1.0 To 192.168.1.127 192.168.1.128 To 192.168.1.255 COMPANY DEF LAN 1 LAN 2 192.168.1.0 To 192.168.1.255

  27. Subnetting A.B.C.0 A.B.C.0 0000000 A.B.C.1 0000000 Subnet-2 A.B.C.128 Subnet-1 A.B.C.0 0 1 Hosts: 27-2=126 (1-126) Hosts: 27-2=126 (1-126) 0000000 - 0 0000001 - 1 0000010 - 2 . . . . 1111110 - 126 1111111 - 127

  28. SUBNETTING IP Pool: 192.168.1.0 To 192.168.1.255 D COMPANY DEF No of Hosts = 45 No of Hosts = 20 LAN 2 LAN 1 No of Hosts = 10 No of Hosts = 30 LAN 3 LAN 4 192.168.1.0 To 192.168.1.63 192.168.1.64 To 192.168.1.127 192.168.1.128 To 192.168.1.191 192.168.1.192 To 192.168.1.255 192.168.1.0 To 192.168.1.255

  29. Subnetting A.B.C.0 A.B.C.00000000 A.B.C.01000000A.B.C.10000000 A.B.C.11000000 SN3 A.B.C.128 SN2 A.B.C.64 Hosts:62 Hosts:62 0 1 0 1 SN4 A.B.C.192 1 0 SN1 A.B.C.0 Hosts:62 (1-62) Hosts:62 (1-62) 000000 - 0 000001 - 1 000010 - 2 . . . . 111110 - 62 111111 - 63

  30. SUBNETTING Advantages : Efficient use of full network address. Security To reduce the broadcast traffic. If you have thousands of hosts on a single subnet, your switches will be choking on ARP, DHCP, and other broadcasts. Provides for another hierarchy of routing

  31. Subnet Mask 13 12 IP Address Network Network Host Host Network 172 255 16 255 0 0 Default / Natural Mask 255 255 255 0 8 bit Subnet Mask Host Subnet • Default / NaturalMask : 172.16.13.12 /16 • 8 bit SubnetMask : 172.16.13.12/24

  32. Variable Length Subnet Mask • Subnetting creates subnets with equal number of hosts, in a network. • The number of bits subnetted i.e. the length of subnet mask will be same for all the subnets. • To co-op with the variable number of hosts in subnets, in a network, number subnetted bits i.e. the length of subnet mask for the subnets will also vary. • The method of achieving subnetting, with variable length of subnet mask, is known asVariable Length Subnet Mask.

  33. VLSM R (50 Hosts) P (100 Hosts) 202.195.32.0 S0 S0 S1 E0 E0 S1 E1 S0 S (13 Hosts) E0 E1 Q (14 Hosts) O (6 Hosts) Link-3 Link-2 Link-1 P- 100H R- 50H Q- 14H S- 13H O- 6H SL1 SL2 SL3 = 27 = 128 = 26 = 64 = 24 = 16 = 24 = 16 = 23 = 8 = 22 = 4 = 22 = 4 = 22 = 4

  34. VLSM N/WN/W Address E - 202.195.32.00000000202.195.32.0 A - 202.195.32.10000000202.195.32.128 C - 202.195.32.11000000202.195.32.192 B - 202.195.32.11010000202.195.32.208 D - 202.195.32.11100000202.195.32.224 SL1 - 202.195.32.111010 00 202.195.32.232 SL2 - 202.195.32.111011 00202.195.32.236 SL3 - 202.195.32.11110000202.195.32.240 • Network Address: • Set all host bits to zero • Calculate the binary value of last byte

  35. VLSM N/WB/C Address E - 202.195.32.01111111 202.195.32.127 A - 202.195.32.10111111 202.195.32.191 C - 202.195.32.11001111 202.195.32.207 B - 202.195.32.11011111 202.195.32.223 D - 202.195.32.11100111 202.195.32.231 SL1 - 202.195.32.111010 11 202.195.32.235 SL2 - 202.195.32.111011 11 202.195.32.239 SL3 - 202.195.32.11110011 202.195.32.243 Broadcast Address: • Set all host bits to one • Calculate the binary value of last byte

  36. VLSM N/WN/W AddressB/C Address E - 202.195.32.0 202.195.32.127 A - 202.195.32.128 202.195.32.191 C - 202.195.32.192 202.195.32.207 B - 202.195.32.208 202.195.32.223 D - 202.195.32.224 202.195.32.231 SL1 - 202.195.32.232 202.195.32.235 SL2 - 202.195.32.236 202.195.32.239 SL3 - 202.195.32.240 202.195.32.243 N/WIP Address Range E- 202.195.32.1 – 202.195.32.126 A- 202.195.32.129 – 202.195.32.190 C- 202.195.32.193 – 202.195.32.206 B- 202.195.32.209 – 202.195.32.222 D- 202.195.32.225 – 202.195.32.230 SL1-202.195.32.233 – 202.195.32.234 SL2- 202.195.32.237 – 202.195.32.238 SL3- 202.195.32.241 – 202.195.32.242

  37. CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) • Pronounced as -cider. • RFC 1519. • Allocates the remaining Class-C addresses. • Whole world has been divided into 4 zones. • Each zone is given a portion of Class-C addresses. • 194.0.0.0 to 195.255.255.255 (Europe) • 198.0.0.0 to 199.255.255.255 (North America) • 200.0.0.0 to 201.255.255.255 (C&S.America) • 202.0.0.0 to 203.255.255.255 (Asia & the Pacific) • Each zone is given about (2x224) 32 million addresses to allocate.

  38. CIDR • Another (20x224) 320 million Class-C addresses 204.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 are reserved for future. • 32 million address entries have been compressed to one router table entry. • Any route outside Europe that gets packet addressed to 194.0.0.0 to 195.255.255.255 can just send it to Standard European Gateway. • Once a packet gets to Europe (2x28x28) 131072 network entries are needed, if /16 bits prefix is used.

  39. NAP 198.0.0.0 through 198.255.255.0 ISP3 198.33.0.0 through 198.33.255.0 ISP2 198.32.0.0 through 198.32.255.0 ISP1 198.32.1.0 198.32.3.0 198.32.2.0 198.33.1.0 Without CIDR 198.32.1.0 198.32.3.0 198.32.2.0 198.33.1.0 198.32.1.0 198.32.2.0 198.32.3.0 198.33.1.0

  40. NAP 198.0.0.0/8 ISP3 198.33.0.0/16 ISP2 198.32.0.0/16 ISP1 198.32.1.0 198.32.3.0 198.32.2.0 198.33.1.0 With CIDR 198.0.0.0/8 198.32.0.0/16 198.33.0.0/16

  41. IPv6 Address Scheme • It is a 128 bits address. • Addresses possible are 340282366920938463463374607431768211456. • Address is written in Hexadecimal. • XXXX.XXXX.XXXX.XXXX.XXXX.XXXX.XXXX.XXXX • FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:0321 • Zeros can be truncated: • 00FF:0000:0000:0000:0000:9085:9043:1234 • FF::9085:9043:1234 • Only one set of Zeros can be truncated: • 1080:0000:0000:5698:0000:0000:9887:1234 • 1080::5698:0000:0000:9887:1234 or • 1080:0000:0000:5698::9887:1234

  42. Internet Registry (IR) • An Internet Registry is an organization that is responsible for distributing IP address space to its members or customers and for registering those distributions. IRs can be classified as: • RIRs (Regional Internet Registery) • NIRs (National Internet Registery) • LIRs (Local Internet Registery)

  43. Private Address Space • IANA has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private internets (RFC 1918): • 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8 prefix) • 24-bit block • Complete class-A network number • 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12 prefix) • 172.0001/0000.0.0-172.0001/1111.255.255 • 20-bit block • Set of 16 contiguous class-B network numbers • 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16 prefix) • 16-bit block • Set of 256 contiguous class-C network numbers

  44. Thank You Any Questions

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