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FC.1 BIOLOGICAL, CULTURAL & TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN HISTORY

a. FC.1 BIOLOGICAL, CULTURAL & TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN HISTORY. “RUBBER BAND” THEORY If 1 part of a culture changes  it affects the rest of the culture. Mobile H & G soc’s  Little or no surplus  Little conflict  Fairly egalitarian society.

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FC.1 BIOLOGICAL, CULTURAL & TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN HISTORY

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  1. a FC.1 BIOLOGICAL, CULTURAL & TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN HISTORY “RUBBER BAND” THEORY If 1 part of a culture changesit affects the rest of the culture Mobile H & G soc’s Little or no surplus Little conflict Fairly egalitarian society Settled agr. soc’s More surplus  More wars & soc. stratification  Lower status for women Pre-indust. civ’s Much more wealth Much more war & soc. stratif. Women lose status Ind. soc’s w/rapidly accelerating tech Much worse warfare, but higher status for women Biol. & cult. evol. can’t keep up with spiraling tech. growth Much more wealth, but also major problems: Society & culture can’t change as quickly Tech. of destruction grows even faster than tech. of production Total war is obsolete CULTURAL EVOLUTION People adapt behavior to envir. Much faster than biol. evol. BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Where nature very slowly adapts us to changing environment Humans distinguished by 5 major biological features: Binocular & color vision Upright posture frees hands Hands with opposable thumbs Large well organized brain Speech share ideas Surpluses  wars & conflict TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION People adapt envir. to their needs  progressively the fastest evol. New technologies Environment can’t support unltd. growth

  2. a Some apes move out into savannah (dry grasslands) to find food Apes evolve& practice tree swinging which helps develop: Better hunting & gathering Better Nutrition Improved tools Better nourished brain Hotter & drier climate Much of rain forest dries out Develop big jaws & molars & lose their canines so they can chew grasses & grains they find in the savannah Upright posture  Can see farther hands to grasp at higher speeds Speech develops with better brain Better sharing of knowledge Hotter & drier climate Much of rain forest dries out Vision & brain to absorb high speed data Stone tools for hunting and defense against wild animals Develop the first technology Better brain to deal w/3-D environment Better hands for hanging onto tree branches Binocular vision to deal w/3-D environment Shrews adapt to 3-D life in the trees  Evolve into prosimians (e.g., lemurs)  Monkeys, all of them developing: Fire for warmth, defense vs. animals, & cooking Safer & more nutritious Ice Ages Harsh conditions Must adapt more quickly Ice Ages Harsh conditions Must adapt more quickly Early art (e.g, cave ptgs) Evidence of more modern behavior: Care for sick and injured Religion (e.g. burials) FC.2 A POSSIBLE SCENARIO FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION Discovery of agriculture (FC.4) Evolution of the family (FC.3)

  3. FC.3 A POSSIBLE SCENARIO FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE FAMILY & GENDER ROLES General, not absolute, tendencies in & differences b/w men & women More permanent pair bonding as men get attached to other aspects of family life: Scavenging for meat & gathering berries, grains, etc.by men & women Successful scavenging Taste for meat  Males actively hunt while females watch children & gather plants for food Specialized roles as men who hunt & women gather food & watch children “Premature” births of babies with smaller heads to ease pain of birth helpless at birth dependent on mothers for longer time Mothers need help of the fathers to support the children Year-round mating replaces yearly estrus cycle in some females Complementary roles o f men & women Much more need for coop. & sharing Those females attract males all the time Males share food with them & their children Emotional satisfaction coming from children Added companionship & security of family life Stalking & waiting for game require: Long periods of staying quiet Intensely focusing on one thing Women must gather while also: Looking out for predators Keeping track of several children Discourages verbal socializing that could scare off game Coop. & verbal socializing Strong bonds b/w women Brains adapted to concentrate intensely on 1 problem & block out other stimuli More multi-tasking brains suited to keeping track of several things at once Evolution of larger brain & head (FC.2) Hominids forced into the savannah (FC.2)

  4. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Warmer, wetter climate (c.10,000 B.C.E.) Wild grains spread in mid East Depletes H&G resources Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Need for more food Population growth Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Eventually settle down to full-time agric. With important results: Dev. new agr. techniques(2-field system, crop rotation) popul.  Less coop. & sharing private prop.Soc. classes & more conflict Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Heavier reliance on agr. Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2) Rise of hydraulic civ. in Mesopotamia (FC.6)

  5. FC.5 THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS & ITS EFFECTS Better hunting & gathering  More settled lifestyle (FC.2) Abiltiy to keep & domesticate animals that are: Herbivorous & fast growing  Need less food Live in herds w/strict soc. hierarchy that humans can take over Tame & willing to breed in captivity Most animals suitable for domestication were found exclusively in Eurasia & esp. the Fertile Crescent Sheep & goats (c.8000 B.C.E.) that are easily tamed  Wool for clothing Meat & milk for food Can digest cellulose Make hilly land useful Pigs (c.7000 B.C.E.) that scavenge : Cheap to keep Reduce waste Need less supervision Cows (c.6500 B.C.E.)  Hard to tame but can: Give meat, milk & hides Digest cellulose Pull plows Farm more land Horses (c.3000 B.C.E.) when tamed & bred up in size  More mobile armies New source of energy Faster comm’s Bigger emp’s Chronic clashes throughout history b/w nomads grazing their herds in dry grasslands & settled farmers in well watered areas (FC.9) Herd animals’ diseases often infect humans Eurasian civ’s adapt Advantage vs. cultures not previously exposed (FC.16)

  6. a Common culture promoted by easy trade & transport by water Population growth Migration into hot dry river valley of Tigris & Euphrates Surplus grain Need more food Expand Irrigation Population rises Villages all along the rivers start irrigation Need a strong war leader Priest organizes complex irrigation projects & is paid with offerings of grain Priests use surplus grain to build & expand temple Cities emerge all along the valley which keep expanding farmland to support their rising popul’s Greater concentrations of wealth & population Rising gap b/w rich & poor Crime need strong govt. Wars b/w cities over water rights & land Wars become chronic Artisans & craftsmen come to town to build temple or support it with goods & services FC.6 THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS & THEIR IMPACT Birth of agriculture in uplands of Mesopotamia (FC.4) Permanent kings who provide strong govt. & build history’s first empires (FC.10)

  7. FC.7 THE BIRTH OF WRITING AND ITS IMPACT a New forms of wealth Clay tokens to keep track of goods Pictographic writing (c.3500 B.C.E.): Symbols stand for what they look like (e.g., picture of sun = “sun”)  Good for keeping inventories but little else Rebus writing (c.2100 B.C.E.): Using phonetic values suggested by pictographs to build new unrelated words (e.g., picture of sun = “son”)  Useful but still needed ~700 symbols (1 for each syllable) Narrow, highly specialized class of scribes rest of society heavily depends on Put tokens in sealed clay envelopes  If caravan drivers steal both goods & tokens, merchants in next city will see broken seal If caravan drivers steal goods, but not tokens, merchants in next city will see difference STAGES OF WRITING Expanded trade More & new types of tokens Merchants rely on caravan drivers who sometimes steal goods & tokens Sometimes caravan drivers can’t remember how many goods & tokens they have Impressions of tokens on outside of envelopes  No need for tokens Phonetic alphabet (c.1000 B.C.E.): one symbol for each sound we make Much simpler Many more literate people  Lowers scribes’ status Expands uses of writing to literature & history Better record keeping Much bigger states & trade routes STAGES OF WRITING Ideographic writing (c.3000 B.C.E.): Pictographs can stand for something more abstract (e.g., picture of son = “day”, “light”, or “heat” The birth of agriculture (FC.4) The rise of hydraulic civ’s with much more wealth (FC.6)

  8. a Trade routes expand to find tin Copper too soft to be very useful Search for & find safer alloy of copper & tin Find natural & harder, but poisonous alloy of copper & arsenic Iron much more plentiful than bronze ever was More effective forest cutting, mining & plowing New forms of wealth, but also deforestation, soil erosion, and more wars Iron Age starts (c.1000 B.C.E.) Tin supply cut by nomadic upheavals (c.1200 B.C.E.) Copper beads smelt out See copper’s usefulness Need replacement for bronze Bronze Age (c.3000-1000 B.C.E.) Civilization spreads along tin routes Bronze too expensive for most people Highly stratified soc’s in the Near East Invent pottery Kiln for hotter fires & copper/oxide glaze Trinket tech. using bits of copper found while looking for flint FC.8 THE RISE OF METALLURGY & ITS IMPACT Better hunting & gathering More settled lifestyle(FC.2) More democratic soc’s, such as Greece, since the masses are armed w/iron (FC.19)

  9. Why did civilizations especially evolve in Eurasia? (E-W axis  similar climates and conditions  Could share crops & ideas) W

  10. What does this diagram represent?

  11. What does this diagram represent?

  12. Give two aspects of Neanderthal burials that we have evidence of.

  13. What sophisticated behavior of Neanderthals does this painting represent and what evidence do we have concerning it?

  14. What odd technique do we think Cro Magnons may have used in making their cave paintings?

  15. What do the bones shaded in green represent?

  16. Who do these people represent and what was the result of this reconstructiton? Who was tthe French paleontologist responsible for this?

  17. What point is the artist trying to make in this painting?

  18. - First 8 domest. Crops all self pollinating - Occasionally would cross-pollinate -> New varieties - Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 crops domest., - 6/8 exclusively: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentil, pea, chickpea, & bitter vetch); & flax.  - Only flax & barley, range outside Fer Cr & Anatolia FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  19. - First 8 domest. Crops all self pollinating - Occasionally would cross-pollinate -> New varieties - Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 crops domest., - 6/8 exclusively: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentil, pea, chickpea, & bitter vetch); & flax.  - Only flax & barley, range outside Fer Cr & Anatolia FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  20. - First 8 domest. Crops all self pollinating - Occasionally would cross-pollinate -> New varieties - Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 crops domest., - 6/8 exclusively: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentil, pea, chickpea, & bitter vetch); & flax.  - Only flax & barley, range outside Fer Cr & Anatolia FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because? Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  21. - First 8 domest. Crops all self pollinating - Occasionally would cross-pollinate -> New varieties - Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 crops domest., - 6/8 exclusively: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentil, pea, chickpea, & bitter vetch); & flax.  - Only flax & barley, range outside Fer Cr & Anatolia FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  22. - First 8 domest. Crops all self pollinating - Occasionally would cross-pollinate -> New varieties - Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 crops domest., - 6/8 exclusively: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentil, pea, chickpea, & bitter vetch); & flax.  - Only flax & barley, range outside Fer Cr & Anatolia FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  23. Identify this ancestor to the domesticated cow.

  24. - First 8 domest. Crops all self pollinating - Occasionally would cross-pollinate -> New varieties - Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 crops domest., - 6/8 exclusively: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentil, pea, chickpea, & bitter vetch); & flax.  - Only flax & barley, range outside Fer Cr & Anatolia - Wild grains-> 50X more calories than it took to harvest ->Perm. villages bef. ag FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Warmer, wetter climate (c.10,000 B.C.E.) Wild grains spread in mid East Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  25. - First 8 domest. Crops all self pollinating - Occasionally would cross-pollinate -> New varieties - Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 crops domest., - 6/8 exclusively: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentil, pea, chickpea, & bitter vetch); & flax.  - Only flax & barley, range outside Fer Cr & Anatolia - Wild grains-> 50X more calories than it took to harvest ->Perm. villages bef. ag FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Warmer, wetter climate (c.10,000 B.C.E.) Wild grains spread in mid East Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Population growth Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  26. - First 8 domest. Crops all self pollinating - Occasionally would cross-pollinate -> New varieties - Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 crops domest., - 6/8 exclusively: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentil, pea, chickpea, & bitter vetch); & flax.  - Only flax & barley, range outside Fer Cr & Anatolia - Wild grains-> 50X more calories than it took to harvest ->Perm. villages bef. ag FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Warmer, wetter climate (c.10,000 B.C.E.) Wild grains spread in mid East Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Population growth Depletes H&G resources Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  27. - First 8 domest. Crops all self pollinating - Occasionally would cross-pollinate -> New varieties - Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 crops domest., - 6/8 exclusively: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentil, pea, chickpea, & bitter vetch); & flax.  - Only flax & barley, range outside Fer Cr & Anatolia - Wild grains-> 50X more calories than it took to harvest ->Perm. villages bef. ag FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Warmer, wetter climate (c.10,000 B.C.E.) Wild grains spread in mid East Population growth Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Depletes H&G resources Need for more food Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  28. - First 8 domest. Crops all self pollinating - Occasionally would cross-pollinate -> New varieties - Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 crops domest., - 6/8 exclusively: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentil, pea, chickpea, & bitter vetch); & flax.  - Only flax & barley, range outside Fer Cr & Anatolia - Wild grains-> 50X more calories than it took to harvest ->Perm. villages bef. ag FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Warmer, wetter climate (c.10,000 B.C.E.) Wild grains spread in mid East Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Population growth Depletes H&G resources Heavier reliance on agr. Need for more food Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  29. What process does this picture represent?

  30. FC.5 THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS & ITS EFFECTS • Domest animal defined as • selectively bred in captivity-> • modified from its wild ances. • -Candidate for domest: any • terrestr. herbivorous or • omnivorous mammal • -Only 14 domes. species • over 100 lbs by 1900 • “Major 5”: cow, sheep, goat, • pig, & horse • “Minor 9” imp in ltd areas: • Arabian & Bactrian camels, • llama/alpaca, donkey, yak, • reindeer, water buff., • banteng, & gaur • - Elephants tamed, but • never domesticated • Wild anc's of 13/14 (5 of major • 5) only in Eurasia &N Afr) • All major 5 in SW Asia    • 0 in NA, Aus., & sub-Sah Afr • Eurasia (largest & most ecol. • diverse landmass) has 72 big • wild mammal species • ->Domes. 18% of them • - Sub-Sah Afr Domest 0/51  • Amer's had 24, but most (incl • horses & camels) extinct • 13k yrs ago-> Domes. only 1 • Austr. had 1 -> Domest. None • - 2 processes-> domestication • 1) Human selection of more • useful indiv’s • 2) Evol. responses to human • environment-> Sev. domes. • species have smaller brains • & inferior senses Better hunting & gathering  More settled lifestyle (FC.2) Abiltiy to keep & domesticate animals that are: Herbivorous & fast growing  Need less food Live in herds w/strict soc. hierarchy that humans can take over Tame & willing to breed in captivity Most animals suitable for domestication were found exclusively in Eurasia & esp. the Fertile Crescent Sheep & goats (c.8000 B.C.E.) that are easily tamed  Wool for clothing Meat & milk for food Can digest cellulose Make hilly land useful Pigs (c.7000 B.C.E.) that scavenge : Cheap to keep Reduce waste Need less supervision Cows (c.6500 B.C.E.)  Hard to tame but can: Give meat, milk & hides Digest cellulose Pull plows Farm more land Horses (c.3000 B.C.E.) when tamed & bred up in size  More mobile armies New source of energy Faster comm’s Bigger emp’s

  31. FC.5 THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS & ITS EFFECTS • Domest animal defined as • selectively bred in captivity-> • modified from its wild ances. • -Candidate for domest: any • terrestr. herbivorous or • omnivorous mammal • -Only 14 domes. species • over 100 lbs by 1900 • “Major 5”: cow, sheep, goat, • pig, & horse • “Minor 9” imp in ltd areas: • Arabian & Bactrian camels, • llama/alpaca, donkey, yak, • reindeer, water buff., • banteng, & gaur • - Elephants tamed, but • never domesticated • Wild anc's of 13/14 (5 of major • 5) only in Eurasia &N Afr) • All major 5 in SW Asia    • 0 in NA, Aus., & sub-Sah Afr • Eurasia (largest & most ecol. • diverse landmass) has 72 big • wild mammal species • ->Domes. 18% of them • - Sub-Sah Afr Domest 0/51  • Amer's had 24, but most (incl • horses & camels) extinct • 13k yrs ago-> Domes. only 1 • Austr. had 1 -> Domest. None • - 2 processes-> domestication • 1) Human selection of more • useful indiv’s • 2) Evol. responses to human • environment-> Sev. domes. • species have smaller brains • & inferior senses Better hunting & gathering  More settled lifestyle (FC.2) Abiltiy to keep & domesticate animals that are: Herbivorous & fast growing  Need less food Live in herds w/strict soc. hierarchy that humans can take over Tame & willing to breed in captivity Most animals suitable for domestication were found exclusively in Eurasia & esp. the Fertile Crescent Sheep & goats (c.8000 B.C.E.) that are easily tamed  Wool for clothing Meat & milk for food Can digest cellulose Make hilly land useful Pigs (c.7000 B.C.E.) that scavenge : Cheap to keep Reduce waste Need less supervision Cows (c.6500 B.C.E.)  Hard to tame but can: Give meat, milk & hides Digest cellulose Pull plows Farm more land Horses (c.3000 B.C.E.) when tamed & bred up in size  More mobile armies New source of energy Faster comm’s Bigger emp’s

  32. FC.5 THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS & ITS EFFECTS • Domest animal defined as • selectively bred in captivity-> • modified from its wild ances. • -Candidate for domest: any • terrestr. herbivorous or • omnivorous mammal • -Only 14 domes. species • over 100 lbs by 1900 • “Major 5”: cow, sheep, goat, • pig, & horse • “Minor 9” imp in ltd areas: • Arabian & Bactrian camels, • llama/alpaca, donkey, yak, • reindeer, water buff., • banteng, & gaur • - Elephants tamed, but • never domesticated • Wild anc's of 13/14 (5 of major • 5) only in Eurasia &N Afr) • All major 5 in SW Asia    • 0 in NA, Aus., & sub-Sah Afr • Eurasia (largest & most ecol. • diverse landmass) has 72 big • wild mammal species • ->Domes. 18% of them • - Sub-Sah Afr Domest 0/51  • Amer's had 24, but most (incl • horses & camels) extinct • 13k yrs ago-> Domes. only 1 • Austr. had 1 -> Domest. None • - 2 processes-> domestication • 1) Human selection of more • useful indiv’s • 2) Evol. responses to human • environment-> Sev. domes. • species have smaller brains • & inferior senses Better hunting & gathering  More settled lifestyle (FC.2) Abiltiy to keep & domesticate animals that are: Herbivorous & fast growing  Need less food Live in herds w/strict soc. hierarchy that humans can take over Tame & willing to breed in captivity Most animals suitable for domestication were found exclusively in Eurasia & esp. the Fertile Crescent Sheep & goats (c.8000 B.C.E.) that are easily tamed  Wool for clothing Meat & milk for food Can digest cellulose Make hilly land useful Pigs (c.7000 B.C.E.) that scavenge : Cheap to keep Reduce waste Need less supervision Cows (c.6500 B.C.E.)  Hard to tame but can: Give meat, milk & hides Digest cellulose Pull plows Farm more land Horses (c.3000 B.C.E.) when tamed & bred up in size  More mobile armies New source of energy Faster comm’s Bigger emp’s

  33. FC.5 THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS & ITS EFFECTS • Domest animal defined as • selectively bred in captivity-> • modified from its wild ances. • -Candidate for domest: any • terrestr. herbivorous or • omnivorous mammal • -Only 14 domes. species • over 100 lbs by 1900 • “Major 5”: cow, sheep, goat, • pig, & horse • “Minor 9” imp in ltd areas: • Arabian & Bactrian camels, • llama/alpaca, donkey, yak, • reindeer, water buff., • banteng, & gaur • - Elephants tamed, but • never domesticated • Wild anc's of 13/14 (5 of major • 5) only in Eurasia &N Afr) • All major 5 in SW Asia    • 0 in NA, Aus., & sub-Sah Afr • Eurasia (largest & most ecol. • diverse landmass) has 72 big • wild mammal species • ->Domes. 18% of them • - Sub-Sah Afr Domest 0/51  • Amer's had 24, but most (incl • horses & camels) extinct • 13k yrs ago-> Domes. only 1 • Austr. had 1 -> Domest. None • - 2 processes-> domestication • 1) Human selection of more • useful indiv’s • 2) Evol. responses to human • environment-> Sev. domes. • species have smaller brains • & inferior senses Better hunting & gathering  More settled lifestyle (FC.2) Abiltiy to keep & domesticate animals that are: Herbivorous & fast growing  Need less food Live in herds w/strict soc. hierarchy that humans can take over Tame & willing to breed in captivity Most animals suitable for domestication were found exclusively in Eurasia & esp. the Fertile Crescent Sheep & goats (c.8000 B.C.E.) that are easily tamed  Wool for clothing Meat & milk for food Can digest cellulose Make hilly land useful Pigs (c.7000 B.C.E.) that scavenge : Cheap to keep Reduce waste Need less supervision Cows (c.6500 B.C.E.)  Hard to tame but can: Give meat, milk & hides Digest cellulose Pull plows Farm more land Horses (c.3000 B.C.E.) when tamed & bred up in size  More mobile armies New source of energy Faster comm’s Bigger emp’s

  34. FC.5 THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS & ITS EFFECTS • Domest animal defined as • selectively bred in captivity-> • modified from its wild ances. • -Candidate for domest: any • terrestr. herbivorous or • omnivorous mammal • -Only 14 domes. species • over 100 lbs by 1900 • “Major 5”: cow, sheep, goat, • pig, & horse • “Minor 9” imp in ltd areas: • Arabian & Bactrian camels, • llama/alpaca, donkey, yak, • reindeer, water buff., • banteng, & gaur • - Elephants tamed, but • never domesticated • Wild anc's of 13/14 (5 of major • 5) only in Eurasia &N Afr) • All major 5 in SW Asia    • 0 in NA, Aus., & sub-Sah Afr • Eurasia (largest & most ecol. • diverse landmass) has 72 big • wild mammal species • ->Domes. 18% of them • - Sub-Sah Afr Domest 0/51  • Amer's had 24, but most (incl • horses & camels) extinct • 13k yrs ago-> Domes. only 1 • Austr. had 1 -> Domest. None • - 2 processes-> domestication • 1) Human selection of more • useful indiv’s • 2) Evol. responses to human • environment-> Sev. domes. • species have smaller brains • & inferior senses Better hunting & gathering  More settled lifestyle (FC.2) Abiltiy to keep & domesticate animals that are: Herbivorous & fast growing  Need less food Live in herds w/strict soc. hierarchy that humans can take over Tame & willing to breed in captivity Most animals suitable for domestication were found exclusively in Eurasia & esp. the Fertile Crescent Sheep & goats (c.8000 B.C.E.) that are easily tamed  Wool for clothing Meat & milk for food Can digest cellulose Make hilly land useful Pigs (c.7000 B.C.E.) that scavenge : Cheap to keep Reduce waste Need less supervision Cows (c.6500 B.C.E.)  Hard to tame but can: Give meat, milk & hides Digest cellulose Pull plows Farm more land Horses (c.3000 B.C.E.) when tamed & bred up in size  More mobile armies New source of energy Faster comm’s Bigger emp’s Chronic clashes throughout history b/w nomads grazing their herds in dry grasslands & settled farmers in well watered areas (FC.9) How did herd animals both hurt civilization & give it advantages vs. other peoples outside Eurasia?

  35. FC.5 THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS & ITS EFFECTS • Domest animal defined as • selectively bred in captivity-> • modified from its wild ances. • -Candidate for domest: any • terrestr. herbivorous or • omnivorous mammal • -Only 14 domes. species • over 100 lbs by 1900 • “Major 5”: cow, sheep, goat, • pig, & horse • “Minor 9” imp in ltd areas: • Arabian & Bactrian camels, • llama/alpaca, donkey, yak, • reindeer, water buff., • banteng, & gaur • - Elephants tamed, but • never domesticated • Wild anc's of 13/14 (5 of major • 5) only in Eurasia &N Afr) • All major 5 in SW Asia    • 0 in NA, Aus., & sub-Sah Afr • Eurasia (largest & most ecol. • diverse landmass) has 72 big • wild mammal species • ->Domes. 18% of them • - Sub-Sah Afr Domest 0/51  • Amer's had 24, but most (incl • horses & camels) extinct • 13k yrs ago-> Domes. only 1 • Austr. had 1 -> Domest. None • - 2 processes-> domestication • 1) Human selection of more • useful indiv’s • 2) Evol. responses to human • environment-> Sev. domes. • species have smaller brains • & inferior senses Better hunting & gathering  More settled lifestyle (FC.2) Abiltiy to keep & domesticate animals that are: Herbivorous & fast growing  Need less food Live in herds w/strict soc. hierarchy that humans can take over Tame & willing to breed in captivity Most animals suitable for domestication were found exclusively in Eurasia & esp. the Fertile Crescent Sheep & goats (c.8000 B.C.E.) that are easily tamed  Wool for clothing Meat & milk for food Can digest cellulose Make hilly land useful Pigs (c.7000 B.C.E.) that scavenge : Cheap to keep Reduce waste Need less supervision Cows (c.6500 B.C.E.)  Hard to tame but can: Give meat, milk & hides Digest cellulose Pull plows Farm more land Horses (c.3000 B.C.E.) when tamed & bred up in size  More mobile armies New source of energy Faster comm’s Bigger emp’s Chronic clashes throughout history b/w nomads grazing their herds in dry grasslands & settled farmers in well watered areas (FC.9) Herd animals’ diseases often infect humans Eurasian civ’s adapt Advantage vs. cultures not previously exposed (FC.16)

  36. Identify this vegetable.

  37. a Population growth Migration into hot dry river valley of Tigris & Euphrates Surplus grain Need more food Expand Irrigation Population rises Villages all along the rivers start irrigation Common culture promoted by easy trade & transport by water Priest organizes complex irrigation projects & is paid with offerings of grain Artisans & craftsmen come to town to build temple or support it with goods & services Priests use surplus grain to build & expand temple FC.6 THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS & THEIR IMPACT Birth of agriculture in uplands of Mesopotamia (FC.4)

  38. a Population growth Migration into hot dry river valley of Tigris & Euphrates Surplus grain Need more food Expand Irrigation Population rises Villages all along the rivers start irrigation Common culture promoted by easy trade & transport by water Priest organizes complex irrigation projects & is paid with offerings of grain Artisans & craftsmen come to town to build temple or support it with goods & services Priests use surplus grain to build & expand temple FC.6 THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS & THEIR IMPACT Birth of agriculture in uplands of Mesopotamia (FC.4)

  39. a Population growth Migration into hot dry river valley of Tigris & Euphrates Surplus grain Need more food Expand Irrigation Population rises Villages all along the rivers start irrigation Common culture promoted by easy trade & transport by water Priest organizes complex irrigation projects & is paid with offerings of grain Artisans & craftsmen come to town to build temple or support it with goods & services Priests use surplus grain to build & expand temple FC.6 THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS & THEIR IMPACT Birth of agriculture in uplands of Mesopotamia (FC.4)

  40. a Population growth Migration into hot dry river valley of Tigris & Euphrates Surplus grain Need more food Expand Irrigation Population rises Villages all along the rivers start irrigation Common culture promoted by easy trade & transport by water Priest organizes complex irrigation projects & is paid with offerings of grain Artisans & craftsmen come to town to build temple or support it with goods & services Priests use surplus grain to build & expand temple FC.6 THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS & THEIR IMPACT Birth of agriculture in uplands of Mesopotamia (FC.4)

  41. a Population growth Migration into hot dry river valley of Tigris & Euphrates Surplus grain Need more food Expand Irrigation Population rises Villages all along the rivers start irrigation Common culture promoted by easy trade & transport by water Priest organizes complex irrigation projects & is paid with offerings of grain Artisans & craftsmen come to town to build temple or support it with goods & services Priests use surplus grain to build & expand temple FC.6 THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS & THEIR IMPACT Birth of agriculture in uplands of Mesopotamia (FC.4)

  42. a Population growth Migration into hot dry river valley of Tigris & Euphrates Surplus grain Need more food Expand Irrigation Population rises Villages all along the rivers start irrigation Common culture promoted by easy trade & transport by water Priest organizes complex irrigation projects & is paid with offerings of grain Artisans & craftsmen come to town to build temple or support it with goods & services Priests use surplus grain to build & expand temple FC.6 THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS & THEIR IMPACT Birth of agriculture in uplands of Mesopotamia (FC.4)

  43. a Population growth Migration into hot dry river valley of Tigris & Euphrates Surplus grain Need more food Expand Irrigation Population rises Villages all along the rivers start irrigation Common culture promoted by easy trade & transport by water Priest organizes complex irrigation projects & is paid with offerings of grain Artisans & craftsmen come to town to build temple or support it with goods & services Priests use surplus grain to build & expand temple FC.6 THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS & THEIR IMPACT Birth of agriculture in uplands of Mesopotamia (FC.4)

  44. a Population growth Migration into hot dry river valley of Tigris & Euphrates Surplus grain Need more food Expand Irrigation Population rises Villages all along the rivers start irrigation Common culture promoted by easy trade & transport by water Priest organizes complex irrigation projects & is paid with offerings of grain Artisans & craftsmen come to town to build temple or support it with goods & services Priests use surplus grain to build & expand temple FC.6 THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS & THEIR IMPACT Birth of agriculture in uplands of Mesopotamia (FC.4)

  45. What was the Mesopotamian term for this structure?

  46. What process does this sequence of diagrams represent?

  47. Identify this and its importance to historians.

  48. What is this a picture of?

  49. What are these?

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