710 likes | 974 Vues
The Skin in Health & Disease. Chapter 6. outline. Observation of the skin Color pigment discoloration Lesions surface deeper Burns Tissue repair Skin aging Care of the skin Skin disorders. Structure of the skin Epidermis Stratum basale Stratum corneum Dermis Hypodermis
E N D
The Skin in Health & Disease Chapter 6
outline • Observation of the skin • Color • pigment • discoloration • Lesions • surface • deeper • Burns • Tissue repair • Skin aging • Care of the skin • Skin disorders • Structure of the skin • Epidermis • Stratum basale • Stratum corneum • Dermis • Hypodermis • Accessory structure of the skin • Glands • Sebaceous (oil) glands • Sudoriferous (sweat) glands • Eccrine • apocrine • Hair • Nails • Functions of the skin
Integumentary System • Skin and associated structures form integumentary system • A membrane enveloping the body • Accessory structures aka appendages • Glands • Hair • nails
I. Structure of the Skin • Consists of two layers: • Epidermis – outer layer. Subdivided into thin layers called strata. Composed entirely of epithelial cells, no blood vesseles. • Dermis – “true skin”. Framework of connective tissues and contains: Blood vessels, nerve endings, and glands
a. Epidermis • Outermost surface of skin • Avascular – nourished by capillaries in underlying dermis • In the deepest layer, Stratum basale or stratum germinativum, new cells are produced and pushed upward • As the cells die, their cytoplasm is replaced by protein called keratin which tickens and protects the skin forming the upper layer of epidermis, stratum corneum • Exfoliation – the constant loss and replacement of cells
b. Dermis – “True Skin” • Framework of elastic connective tissue • Extensive blood & nerve supply • Most appendages in the dermis • Dermal papillae – extensions into the epidermis to allow for increased blood supply to the epidermis • Distinct ridge pattern which also help for grip • Basis of fingerprints & footprints
Checkpoint 6-1:The skin and all its associated structures comprise a body system. What is the name of this system? Checkpoint 6-2:The skin itself is composed of two layers. Moving from the superficial to the deeper layer, what are the names of these two layers?
c. Subcutaneous Layer - Hypodermis • Connects skin to surface muscles • Composed of areolar & adipose tissue • Connected to dermis with continuous bundles of elastic fibers • Rich blood and nerve supply
II. Accessory Structures of Skin • Glands • Sebaceous (oil) glands • Sudoriferous (sweat) glands • Nails • Hairs
a. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands • Saclike exocrine glands with ducts that open into hair follicles • Secrete sebum • Lubricates skin • Prevents drying
b. Sudoriferous(sweat) Glands • Coiled exocrine glands in dermis & subcutaneous tissue • Eccrine – most numerous • Ducts release sweat directly onto surface of the skin as a pore • Cool the body • Apocrine – at armpits & groin • Activate at puberty • Secrete in response to emotional stress & sexual stimulation • Body odor results from bacteria breaking down substances secreted from these glands
Sudoriferous Glands • Ceruminous glands – secrete ear wax (cerumen) • Ciliary glands – at edges of eyelids • Mammary glands – in breast
c. Hair • Covers almost entire body • Except palms, soles, nipples, lips, some regions of external genitals • Nonliving – composed mainly of keratin • Developed from living cells in a bulb • Melanocytes give hair its color
Hair Continued • Hair follicle – sheath of connective & epithelial tissue that encloses hair • Shaft – part of hair above the skin • Arrectorpili – involuntary smooth muscle that forms goose bumps; causes release of sebum when contracts
d. Nails • Function • Protect fingers and toe • Help in grasping objects • Made of keratin • Changes in nails can be a result of disease processes
Nails • Structure • Nail root – under skin, where new cells grow • Nail plate – part of nail overlying skin • Nail bed – epithelial tissue under nail plate • Lanula – covers growing region of nail • Cuticle – extension of stratum corneum, seals space between nail plate and nail root
III. Skin Functions • Skin does NOT breathe • Protection against infection • Protection against dehydration • Regulation of body temperature • Collection of sensory information • Other minor skin functions • Limited absorption • Minimal excretion • Manufacture of Vitamin D
Skin Functions • Protection against infection • Stratum corneum is in a tight interlocking pattern & constantly being shed • Protection against dehydration • Keratin and sebum waterproof the skin and prevent water loss
Skin Functions • Regulation of body temperature • Excess heat dissipated • Large surface for heat to radiate into environment • Vessels dilate to allow heat loss • Sweat glands cause perspiration, which dissipates heat when it evaporates from surface of skin • Protection from cold • Vessels constrict to diminish heat loss • Most blood supply to skin is for temperature regulation
Skin Functions • Skin is one of chief sensory organs of body • Collection of sensory information • Free nerve endings • Pain • Temperature • Sensory receptors • Light touch – Meissner corpuscle • Deep pressure – Pacinian corpuscle
Minor Skin Functions • Limited absorption • Estrogens or steroids • Most skin medications are topical & local only • Minor excretion • Electrolytes (salts) • Some nitrogen-containing wastes • Vitamin D production • Needed for bone health • Manufactured in skin under UV radiation
IV. Observation of the skin a. Color • Dependant on many factors • Amount of pigmentation • Blood flow to surface blood vessels • Quality of blood flow to surface vessels • Quantity of oxygen • Concentration of hemoglobin • Presence of compounds such as bile
Skin Pigmentation • Melanin – main skin pigment • Also found in hair, iris of the eye, middle coat of the eyeball • Protects against UV radiation • Tanning – normal increase in melanin • Albinism – hereditary lack of pigment in skin, hair & eyes • Carotene – in orange & yellow vegetables and stored in fatty tissue & skin • Hemoglobin – seen in vessels near surface
Discoloration of Skin • Pallor – is paleness of the skin. Paleness often due to loss of blood supply or loss of hemoglobin • Most easily noted in lips, nail beds, mucous membranes • Flushing – reddening of skin, often related to fever • Most noticeable in face and neck • Cyanosis – bluish tone as a result of loss of oxygen • Symptom of heart failure breathing problems • Jaundice – yellowish skin due to excessive bile pigments from liver, mainly bilirubin • Tumors, inflammation of liver (hepatitis), some blood diseases • Neonates with immature livers may not be able to process bilirubin • Carotenemia – excessive intake of carrots leading to jaundice
Pallor Cyanosis
Cyanosis Jaundice
Jaundice Carotenemia
b. Skin Lesions • Lesion – any wound or local damage to tissue • Surface lesions – • Rashes - flat • Eruptions – raised • Erythema – redness of skin due to inflammation • Deep lesions • Burns
Surface Skin Lesions • Macule – flat spot, neither raised or depressed • measles • freckles • Papule – firm raised bump • Pimple • Nodule – large papule • Vesicle – raised area filled with fluid • Aka bulla • Chickenpox • Pustule – raised area filled with pus • Infected vesicles
Deep Skin Lesions • Excoriation – a scratch • Laceration – rough jagged wound due to skin tearing • Ulcer – due to disintegration death of tissue • Decubitis ulcer – bed sore • Fissure – crack in skin • Athlete’s foot
Burns to Skin • Caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, abrasions • Assessed in terms of depth and %age of body surface involved • Replaces 1st, 2nd & 3rd degree burn classification
Classifying Skin Burns - Depth Superficial partial-thickness – epidermal involvement, may or may not be dermis involvement, • Reddened, may blister • Like a sunburn
Classifying Skin Burns - Depth Deep partial-thickness – epidermal and some dermal involvement • Blistered, broken skin with weeping appearance • Scalded appearance
Classifying Skin Burns - Depth • Full-thickness – epidermis, entire dermis and possibly some hypodermis • Broken, dry, pale skin • Charring may be present • May require grafting or loss of tissue
Classifying Burns to Skin – Body Surface Area • Rule of nines • Body surface is assigned percentage in multiples of nine • Lund & Browder – more accurate, divides body into small areas
Complications of Burns • Infection • Respiratory complications • Circulatory problems • Psychological impact • http://www.metacafe.com/watch/888126/drunk_driving_jacqueline_saburido/
Sunburn • Excessive exposure to UV radiation • Acute - sunburn • Chronic • Skin cancer – basal cell & squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma • Wrinkling, age spots and “leathering” • Tanning no safer than sunlight
SPF Sun Protection Factor • A measure of UVB protection • Ranges from 1 to 45 or above. • An SPF of 15 will delay sunburn in a person who would otherwise burn in 10 minutes to burn in 150 minutes. The SPF 15 sunscreen allows a person to stay out in the sun 15 times longer. • There is currently no uniform measure of UVA absorption so SPF does not predict UVA protection • The "protectiveness" of clothing can also be measured by SPF. The following are SPF's of various types of clothing: • Nylon Stockings - SPF 2 • Hats - SPF 3-6 • Summer-weight clothing - SPF 6.5 • Sun-protective clothing - up to SPF 30
v. Skin Tissue Repair • Begins after clotting & scabbing protects underlying tissue • Healing occurs from the inside out in wounds • Scar aka cicatrix – growth of connective tissue – strong but not flexible • Keloid – excessive scar tissue
VI. Aging & Integumentary System • Loss of fat & collagen • Thinning of dermis – “parchment skin” • Circulation declines – decreased ability to tolerate cold • Decreased melanin production – grey hair • Decreased sebum secretion • Decreased eccrine & apocrine glands so decreased ability to tolerate heat