Earth as a System

1. Earth as a System CHAPTER 1 EXIT CHAPTER 1.1A New View of Earth 1.2The Earth System’s Four Spheres 1.3Cycles and the Earth CHAPTER OUTLINE

2. 1.1A New View of Earth Closed System Open System CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER HOME Earth as a System VOCABULARY Technological advances and environmental incidents have encouraged scientists to look at Earth as a system. This new view of Earth is called Earth system science. Earth system science model system closed system open system A system is a type of model that allows scientists to study a process or phenomenon with time as a variable. SECTION OUTLINE

3. 1.1A New View of Earth Energy from the sun Energy reflected to space Hydrogen sometimes escapes Earth’s atmosphere Meteorites sometimes enter Earth’s atmosphere CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER HOME Earth as a System VOCABULARY Because it exchanges little matter with its surroundings, Earth is an essentially closed system. Earth system science model system closed system open system Earth system science helps scientists understand the human impact on Earth. SECTION OUTLINE

4. 1.2The Earth System’s Four Spheres Atmosphere Biosphere Geosphere Hydrosphere CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER HOME Earth as a System VOCABULARY atmosphere geosphere The Earth system includes four spheres: the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. hydrosphere biosphere SECTION OUTLINE

5. 1.2The Earth System’s Four Spheres Rock formations can result from interactions among the four spheres. CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER HOME Earth as a System VOCABULARY atmosphere The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope surrounding Earth. geosphere The geosphere consists of all the physical features on Earth except water. hydrosphere Earth’s water makes up the hydrosphere. biosphere Living things, including plants, animals, and people, make up the biosphere. The spheres interact and change constantly. SECTION OUTLINE

6. 1.3Cycles and the Earth Runoff Evaporation Evaporation Runoff Groundwater CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER HOME Earth as a System VOCABULARY All water on Earth is continually moving through the water cycle, which includes evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), and precipitation. cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle energy cycle Condensation solar energy Precipitation geothermal energy tidal energy SECTION OUTLINE

7. 1.3Cycles and the Earth Volcanoes add CO2 to the atmosphere. Burning fossil fuels releases CO2 into the atmosphere. Forest fires add CO2 to the atmosphere. Carbon compounds can be stored in and release from the ocean. Humans and other animals exhale CO2. CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER HOME Earth as a System VOCABULARY A biogeochemical cycle involves the movement of an element, such as carbon, through the four spheres of the Earth system. cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle energy cycle solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy SECTION OUTLINE

8. 1.3Cycles and the Earth Sources of Earth’s Energy Type of Energy Solar Geothermal Tidal % of Total Energy 99.895 0.013 0.002 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER HOME Earth as a System VOCABULARY The energy cycle of the Earth system has three main energy sources: solar energy, geothermal energy, and tidal energy. cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle energy cycle solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy Human activity can have an impact on the interactions of Earth’s cycles. SECTION OUTLINE

9. CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER HOME Earth as a System This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the CHAPTER HOME button or exit the presentation.