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Understanding the Skeletal System: Functions, Disorders, and Treatment Options

Learn about the skeletal system's functions such as support, protection, and blood cell production. Discover disorders like osteoporosis, bursitis, and fibrous dysplasia, their symptoms, causes, and treatment options available. Understand the importance of joints, bone structure, and the stages of healing broken bones.

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Understanding the Skeletal System: Functions, Disorders, and Treatment Options

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  1. SKELETAL SYSTEM

  2. Function • Support • Protection • Movement • Blood cell production • Energy storage

  3. Axial Skeleton • The axis of your body • Composed of 6 parts • Human skull • Ossicles of the middle ear • Hyoid bone of the throat • Rib cage • Sternum • Vertebral column

  4. Appendicular Skeleton Everything else that hangs off your body • Shoulder girdles • Shoulder blades • Collar bones • Upper Limbs • Arms • Wrist • Hands • Pelvic girdle • Hip bones • Lower Limbs • Legs • Ankles • feet

  5. Osteoporosis • A medical condition • Bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue • Result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D

  6. Osteoporosis • Caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra • Loss of height over time which leads to a stooped posture • Bone fracture that occurs much more easily than expected http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64cdb71pgkQ

  7. Go See a Doctor • Early menopause • Experience a loss of height • A bone break easily than expected • Taken corticosteroids (any of a group of steroids hormones produced in the adrenal cortex or made synthetically) for a lenghty period of time • Family history

  8. Ossification • The process of creating and growing bones - It replaces embryotic tissue with bone tissue. • A person would be a soft mound of blood, water, and flesh without this

  9. Two types of ossification • Both types rely on the thyroid hormone calcitonin, which regulates metabolism of calcium.

  10. Bursitis: a bone disease • Symptoms • Pain • Loss of motion in affected area – “adhesive capsulitis” • Causes pain in the body’s joints • Most commonly affects the shoulder and hip joints • It is caused by the inflammation of the bursa (small fluid-filled bags that act as lubricating surfaces for muscles to move over bones) • It can happen from a direct hit or a nearby joint repeating the same movement • Most commonly happens with sports injuries.

  11. Bursitis of the elbow

  12. treatment • Physical therapy • Surgery (if serious enough) • Anti- inflammatory drugs • Resting Bursitis of the knee

  13. Fibrous dysplasia • Abone disorder in which scar-like (fibrous) tissue develops in place of normal bone • It is a chronic condition of the skeleton • A portion of a bone develops abnormally • As the bone grows, the softer, fibrous tissue expands, weakening the bone • Fibrous dysplasia can cause the affected bone to deform and become more likely to fracture • The fibrous tissue may stop growing, but it will never go away

  14. Etiologies • Begins before birth, but is usually not diagnosed until the mid 20s. • It is caused by a gene mutation that affects the cells that produce bone. • It is not inherited or passed on to the children of affected patients. • No dietary or environmental cause is known. • It occurs equally among males and females of all races.

  15. The right leg shows the normal bone, while the left shows a leg with fibrous dysplasia

  16. Fibrous Dysplasia of the mouth

  17. Two types

  18. Symptoms • Pain – starts with dull ache that gets worse with activity • Fractures – the weakened area may break, causing severe sharp pain • Deformity – the weakened area of the bone may change the shape. Deformity of the facial bones and bowing of the leg bones can be noticeable. • Early puberty – over activity of ovaries • Difficulty walking – bones in the leg are not strong enough to support the body

  19. Treatment • If there's no pain – x-rays and check up • Pain – mediation or surgery • When surgery takes place – stabilization of the bone with rods or plates and screws can be useful to fix a fracture or deformity or to prevent bone breakage • Usually scooping out (curettage) of the fibrous dysplasia is performed along with bone grafting • Over time, the bone graft placed in the defect often is absorbed and replaced with more fibrous dysplasia

  20. long bone • Make Red blood cells, Store Minerals, and give support.

  21. Cartilage • Act as a shock absorber (cover with shiny, smooth, low friction) friction-less surface • Helps bone pass each other very smoothly

  22. Compact bone • compact bone provides inorganic components so that new bone tissue can be formed. • Protecting a bone from damage and/or stress What compact bone looks like

  23. Cancellous bone (Spongy bone) • At the ends of the long bones • It has more blood vessels and usually contains bone marrow, where red blood cells are produced. • Bone Marrow-produce the different types of blood cells that make up a healthy blood cell count.

  24. Function joint articulation • Weakest parts of the skeleton • Site where two or more bones meet • Give the skeleton mobility • Hold the skeleton together

  25. Stages to Heal a broken bone • First there will be blood around it and it will form a sort of scab over the broken portions • Next tougher tissue will start to grow over the broken area called collagen • The collagen with cartilage will bridge the gap between the two sides of the break. • This bridge will continue to transform and harden until the bone is healed • The broken bone needs to rest until it is full healed.

  26. The power of COCO • A study by researchers at UC San Diego School of Medicine and VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS) • Found that patients with advanced heart failure and type 2 diabetes showed improved mitochondrial structure after three months of treatment with epicatechin-enriched cocoa.

  27. What? • Mitochondria: the part of the cell that is responsible for changing glucose into chemical energy • What allows you to move around, pick things up, go for a run, ect… • People with both type 2 diabetes and heart failure have messed up “power houses” • This leads to abnormalities in skeletal muscle – they have a hard time doing everyday activities

  28. The Experiement • Given 100 mg of epicatechin (flavor found in dark chocolate) per day for 3 months • The trial participants consumed dark chocolate bars and a beverage with a total epicatechin content of approximately 100 mg per day for three months • Increase in the number of mitochondria volume and the abundance of cristae (internal compartments of mitochondria that are necessary for efficient function of the mitochondria) were both evident

  29. So… • Cristae numbers back toward normal levels, • Increases in several molecules that are needed for the production of mitochondria • Showed improvement in skeletal and heart muscle function after treatment with epicatechin

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