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AN/APR-39A(V)1 RADAR SIGNAL DETECTING SET

a 052598. UNCLASSIFIED. AN/APR-39A(V)1 RADAR SIGNAL DETECTING SET. US FORCES, KOREA 18-29 MAY 1998. ARAT-TA BRIEFERS: LARRY JOHNSON PETE McGREW. DSN 872-8899 / 8919 (850)882-8899 / 8919 FAX: -4268 CLASS FAX: -9609 MCGREWP@WG53.EGLIN.AF.MIL. 68 TSS/ARAT 203 WEST D. AVE

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AN/APR-39A(V)1 RADAR SIGNAL DETECTING SET

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  1. a 052598 UNCLASSIFIED AN/APR-39A(V)1RADAR SIGNAL DETECTING SET US FORCES, KOREA 18-29 MAY 1998 ARAT-TA BRIEFERS: LARRY JOHNSON PETE McGREW DSN 872-8899 / 8919 (850)882-8899 / 8919 FAX: -4268 CLASS FAX: -9609 MCGREWP@WG53.EGLIN.AF.MIL 68 TSS/ARAT 203 WEST D. AVE SUITE 103 (ARAT) EGLIN AFB FL 32542-6867 UNCLASSIFIED

  2. THEATER

  3. AIRBORNE • SURFACE-TO-AIR (NAVAL) THE THREAT • TARGET ACQUISITION • TARGET TRACKING • MISSILE GUIDANCE • AAA • SURFACE-TO-AIR (LAND)

  4. AN/APR-39A(V)1RADAR SIGNAL DETECTING SET • 1 CONTROL UNIT (C-11308) • 1 INDICATOR (IP-1150A) • 1 DIGITAL PROCESSOR (CP-1597A) • 2 RECEIVERS (R-2218) • 5 ANTENNAS • NEW ANTENNASOLD ANTENNAS(AS-2890) - 1 EA (AS-2890) - 1 EA • (AS-3548A) - 2 EA (AS-3548) - 2 EA • (AS-3549A) - 2 EA (AS-3549) - 2 EA

  5. CONTROL UNIT (C-11308) • CONTAINS CONTROLS NECESSARY FOR SYSTEM OPERATION • WT: 0.4 POUNDS (0.2 KILOS)

  6. INDICATOR (IP-1150A) • PROVIDES COMPATIBLE ALPHA-NUMERIC SYMBOLOGY IN DAY OR NIGHT (VISION) CONDITION • WT: 2.4 POUNDS (1.1 KILOS)

  7. DIGITAL PROCESSOR(CP-1597A) • CONTROLS OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM THRU OFP (OPERATIONAL FLIGHT PROGRAM) AND MDS (MISSION DATA SET) • WT: 5.9 POUNDS (2.7 KILOS)

  8. FREQUENCY / WAVELENGTH DESIGNATIONS PREVIOUS NATO DESIGNATIONS VHF 0.1-0.3GHz, 300-100cm *UHF 0.3-1.0GHz, 100-30cm *L-BAND 1.0-2.0GHz, 30-15cm *S-BAND 2.0-4.0GHz, 15-7.5cm *C-BAND 4.0-8.0GHz, 7.5-3.75cm *X-BAND 8.0-12.5GHz, 3.75-2.5cm *Ku-BAND 12.5-17.5GHz, 2.5-1.75cm *K-BAND 17.5-25.0GHz, 1.75-1.25cm *Ka-BAND 25.0-40.0GHz, 1.25-0.75cm *mm-BAND 40.0-100.0GHz, 0.75-0.3cm CURRENT NATO DESIGNATIONS A-BAND 0.1-0.25GHz, 300-125cm B-BAND 0.25-0.5GHz, 125-60cm *C-BAND 0.5-1.0GHz, 60-30cm *D-BAND 1.0-2.0GHz, 30-15cm *E-BAND 2.0-3.0GHz, 15-10cm *F-BAND 3.0-4.0GHz, 10-7.5cm *G-BAND 4.0-6.0GHz, 7.5-5cm *H-BAND 6.0-8.0GHz, 5-3.75cm *I-BAND 8.0-10.0GHz, 3.75-3cm *J-BAND 10.0-20.0GHz, 3-1.5cm *K-BAND 20.0-40.0GHz, 1.5-0.75cm *L-BAND 40.0-60.0GHz, 0.75-0.5cm *M-BAND 60.0-100.0GHz, 0.5-0.3cm CURRENT WARSAW PACT DESIGNATIONS 8-BAND 0.1-3.0GHz, 300-100cm * 9-BAND 0.3-3.0GHz, 100-10cm *10-BAND 3.0-30.0GHz, 10-1.25cm *11-BAND 30.0-100.0GHz, 1.25-0.3cm

  9. RECEIVER (R-2218) - 2 EA. • OPERATES IN: • E-M BANDS (NEW ANTENNAS) • H-M BANDS (OLD ANTENNAS) • DUAL CHANNEL • WT: 2.0 POUNDS (0.91 KILOS) EA.

  10. FL 3150 AS-3548A FR 0450 AS-3549A AS-2890 AR 1350 AS-3548A AL 2250 AS-3549A ANTENNASAS-2890 - 1 EA AS-3548A - 2 EA AS-3549A - 2 EA AS-3548 - 2 EA AS-3549 - 2 EA • AS 2890 OPERATES C-D BANDS • WT: 0.4 POUNDS (0.2 KILOS) • AS-3548A/49A (NEW ANTENNAS) OPERATES E-M BANDS • AS-3548A/49A - 0.6 POUNDS (0.28 KILOS) EA • AS-3548/49 (OLD ANTENNAS) OPERATES H-M BANDS • AS-3548/49 - 0.6 POUNDS (0.28 KILOS) EA

  11. DIGITAL PROCESSOR(CP-1597A) • COMPOSITION • 1. TOP COVER WITH USER DATA MODULE (UDM) • 2. MAIN PROCESSOR UNIT (MPU) • 3. VIDEO PROCESSOR UNIT (VPU) • 4. DISPLAY PROCESSOR UNIT (DPU) • 5. ARTICULATED AUDIO UNIT (AAU) • 6. BASE ASSEMBLY

  12. DIGITAL PROCESSOR(CP-1597A) • 1. USER DATA MODULE • EEPROM • STORES THREAT DATA • EASILY REPLACED • CAN BE REPROGRAMMED • 2. MAIN PROCESSOR UNIT • 8 BIT 8085 MICROPROCESSOR • CONTROLS SYSTEM OPERATION

  13. DIGITAL PROCESSOR(CP-1597A) • 3. VIDEO PROCESSOR UNIT • DIGITIZES VIDEO SIGNALS FROM RECEIVERS • COMPUTES AOA AND PULSE DURATION • 4. DISPLAY PROCESSOR UNIT • RECEIVES DATA FROM MPU • CONVERTS THREAT DATA INTO SYMBOLOGY

  14. DIGITAL PROCESSOR(CP-1597A) • 5. ARTICULATED AUDIO UNIT • RECEIVES COMMANDS FROM MPU • GENERATES ARTICULATED AUDIO • THREAT IS DISPLAYED • CHANGE IN THREAT STATUS • SELF TEST • BASED ON NASA AMES HFE STUDY • 6. BASE ASSEMBLY • CONTAINS POWER SUPPLY • C-D BAND RECEIVER • MUX BOARD

  15. RECEIVER RECEIVER CONTROL UNIT BLADE ANTENNA INDICATOR PROCESSOR SPIRAL ANTENNAS SPIRAL ANTENNAS INSTALLATION

  16. SYSTEM OPERATION • 1. AN/APR-39A(V)1 PROVIDES: • CONTINUOUS COVERAGE C-D AND E-M BANDS (H-M BANDS WITH OLD ANTENNAS) • DETECTION OF PULSED EMITTERS • DISPLAY OF EMITTERS • DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL OF EMITTERS • CORRELATION OF C-D BAND WITH EM BAND EMITTERS (H-M BANDS IF OLD ANTENNA EQUIPPED) • DISPLAY OF C-D BAND EMITTERS IF THERE IS NO CORRELATION WITH E-M BAND EMITTERS (H-M BANDS IF OLD ANTENNA EQUIPPED) • ARTICULATED AUDIO ALERTS • NOTE: DOES NOT PROVIDE RANGE DATA

  17. TYPICAL RADAR PULSE PULSE REPETITION INTERVAL (PRI) A M P L I T U D E TIME PULSE WIDTH (PW) RADIO FREQUENCY (RF)

  18. DEFINITIONS • PRI (PULSE REPETITION INTERVAL): THE TIME REQUIRED FOR A RADAR’S COMPLETE TRANSMISSION CYCLE. PUT ANOTHER WAY, IT IS THE TIME FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF A PULSE OF ENERGY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE NEXT PULSE. PRI IS MEASURED IN MICROSECONDS. • SCAN TYPE: THE PATH OR MANNER IN WHICH A RADAR ENERGY BEAM OPERATES OR TRAVERSES IN A FREE STATE ENVIRONMENT. THERE ARE TWO BASIC CATEGORIES: SIMPLE AND COMPLEX. • SCAN RATE: THE TIME PERIOD IT TAKES TO COMPLETE ONE SCAN OR CYCLE OF THE ANTENNA. SCAN RATE IS MEASURED IN SECONDS OR HERTZ.

  19. DEFINITIONS (CONT.) • PW (PULSE WIDTH OR PULSE DURATION): THE TIME A RADAR TRANSMITTER IS ‘ON’ OR RADIATING. PW IS MEASURED IN MICROSECONDS. • RF (RADIO FREQUENCY): IS THE NUMBER OF CYCLES THAT A RADIO WAVE COMPLETES IN A GIVEN PERIOD OF TIME, WHICH IS USUALLY ONE SECOND. IN TODAY’S EW ENVIRONMENT WE USE THE TERM ‘HERTZ’ (PER SECOND). THUS, ONE HERTZ EQUALS ONE CYCLE PER SECOND. • MDS (MISSION DATA SET); THE TERM USED TO DEFINE A SET OR GROUP OF KEY EMISSION PARAMETERS FOR EMITTERS OF INTEREST. THIS SET OF PARAMETRIC DATA IS LOADED (PROGRAMMED) IN A HIERARCHICAL OR PRIORITIZED SEQUENCE INTO SURVIVABILITY EQUIPMENT.

  20. PULSE REPETITION INTERVALS • LONG: • ASSOCIATED WITH LONG RANGE RADARS; E.G., BAR LOCK, THIN SKIN, SPOON REST. • MEDIUM: • ASSOCIATED WITH WEAPON SYSTEM ACQUISITION RADARS; E.G., LOW BLOW, FAN SONG, FLAP WHEEL. • SHORT: • ASSOCIATED WITH WEAPON FIRE CONTROL RADARS OR SHORT RANGE NAVIGATION RADARS; E.G., SLOT BACK, LOW BLOW, DRUM TILT.

  21. PULSE REPETITION CHARACTERISTICS • STABLE: • GOOD RANGE ACCURACY • HAS HARD TIME IN NATURAL / MAN-MADE INTERFERENCE, E.G., GROUND, SEA CLUTTER, JAMMING • USED IN MILITARY RADARS AND CIVILIAN SURVEILLANCE RADARS • STAGGERED: • USED TO CANCEL GROUND CLUTTER, RETURNS FROM CHAFF, SPECIFIC ELECTRONIC JAMMING • USED IN CIVILIAN AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADARS AND MILITARY RADARS • JITTERED: • USED TO CANCEL ELECTRONIC JAMMING • USUALLY USED WITH WEAPON-ASSOCIATED TRACKING RADARS • DWELL & SWITCH: • USED TO ELIMINATE BLIND SPEEDS • TECHNIQUE ASSOCIATED WITH NEWER MILITARY TA, TT RADARS • USED IN MILITARY SYSTEMS, AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADARS

  22. SYSTEM OPERATION • 2. UPON DETECTION DETERMINES: • PRI • PRI AGILITY CHARACTERISTICS • SCAN CHARACTERISTICS • PULSE DURATION • DOESNOT USE RF AS A DISCRIMINATOR

  23. SYSTEM OPERATION • 3. UPON DETECTION: • COMPARES PARAMETERS WITH DATA IN MDS • IF A MATCH IS MADE, SYMBOLOGY AND AUDIO GENERATED • IF A MATCH IS NOT MADE, EMITTER IS CLASSIFIED AS UNKNOWN • ASSOCIATES A PRIORITY • TRACKS 10 HIGHEST PRIORITY SIGNALS • DISPLAYS 7 HIGHEST PRIORITY SIGNALS • C-D BAND CORRELATION

  24. SYSTEM OPERATION • 4. THREAT DISPLAY: • ON DAY / NV CAPABLE SCOPE • USES ALPHA-NUMERIC SYMBOLOGY • LOCATION OF EMITTER DEPICTS “LETHALITY” - i.e., ACQUISITION, TRACK, LAUNCH • DISPLAYS STROBES FOR “SEARCHING” RADARS

  25. SYSTEM OPERATION • 5. COMPUTER CONTROL: • THROUGH THE OFP • STORED IN THE UV PROM • INTERACTS WITH MDS • STORED IN EEPROM

  26. AN/APR-39A(V)1COCKPIT ACTIVATION PROCEDURES • CONTROL UNIT FRONT PANEL CONTROLS AND INDICATORS • PWR SWITCH • TWO-POSITION LOCKING TOGGLE SWITCH • ON (UP) FOR NORMAL OPERATION • OFF (DOWN) TO SECURE SYSTEM • MODE SWITCH • SELECTS SYNTHETIC AUDIO MESSAGE FORMAT • MODE 1 (UP) SELECTS NORMAL MESSAGE AUDIO • MODE 2 (DOWN) SELECTS TERSE (ABBREVIATED) MESSAGE AUDIO TEST SWITCH PRESS TEST PUSHBUTTON TO START SYSTEM SELF-TEST AUDIO CONTROL SETS SYNTHETIC VOICE AUDIO LEVEL (VOLUME) TO THE ICS

  27. AN/APR-39A(V)1COCKPIT ACTIVATION PROCEDURES • 1. CHECK AN/APR-39A(V)1 CIRCUIT BREAKER IS IN • 2. ADJUST AIRCRAFT PANEL DIMMER SWITCH

  28. AN/APR-39A(V)1COCKPIT ACTIVATION PROCEDURES • 3. SET POWER SWITCH TO “ON” • 4. VOICE: “APR-39 POWER UP” • 5. ADJUST BRILLIANCE CONTROL TO DISPLAY “+” • 6. SET MODE SWITCH FOR MESSAGE AUDIO - 1 OR 2 • 7. PRESS TEST BUTTON • 8. VOICE: “SELF TEST SET VOLUME 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12” OR “SELF TEST SET VOLUME 5, 4, 3, 2, 1”

  29. AN/APR-39A(V)1COCKPIT ACTIVATION PROCEDURES • OFP SHOULD BE THE MOST UP-TO-DATE • MDS SHOULD BE CORRECT FOR THE AREA / UNIT / MISSION OFP VERSION NUMBER 020.9 023.9 MDS VERSION NUMBER 018 041

  30. AN/APR-39A(V)1COCKPIT ACTIVATION PROCEDURES • 9. POSITIVE SELF-TEST: VOICE “APR 39 OPERATIONAL” • NEGATIVE SELF TEST: VOICE “APR 39 FAILURE” NORMAL FWD RECEIVER NO FAULTS * * NORMAL INDICATION - FLASHING INDICATES GROWTH EQUIPMENT NOT INSTALLED * * NORMAL AFT RECEIVER NO FAULTS PRE- OFP 023.9 WITH OFP 023.9

  31. FWD LEFT CHANNEL FLASHING * * * * FWD RECEIVER - SINGLE CHANNEL FAULT DISPLAYED AFT RECEIVER - TWO CHANNEL FAULT DISPLAYED * * AFT RIGHT AND LEFT CHANNELS FLASHING * * * * C-D BAND FAULT C-D BOX FLASHING * * AN/APR-39A(V)1COCKPIT ACTIVATION PROCEDURES PRE- OFP 023.9 WITH OFP 023.9

  32. AN/APR-39A(V)1COCKPIT ACTIVATION PROCEDURES FLASHING STEADY P F INDICATES PROCESSOR PROBLEM / FAILURE E.G. CORRUPT MDS UPLOAD INDICATES BACKGROUND BUILT-IN-TEST (BIT) FAILURE

  33. AN/APR-39A(V)1COCKPIT ACTIVATION PROCEDURES • INDICATOR FRONT PANEL CONTROLS PRIMARY OUTPUT INTERFACE BETWEEN SYSTEM AND THE OPERATOR. STATE OF SYSTEM (SELF-TEST OR OPERATIONAL) AND STATE OF ENVIRONMENT (WHICH THREATS ARE PRESENT) ARE DISPLAYED ON INDICATOR. MA LAMPS MISSILE ALERT (MA) LAMPS ARE NOT USED IN AN/APR-39A(V)1 SYSTEM BRIL CONTROL SETS INDICATOR DISPLAY BRIGHTNESS MA LAMP SWITCH SELECTS DAY OR NIGHT MA LAMP MA LAMP SWITCH NOT USED IN AN/APR-39A(V)1 SYSTEM PLUS (+) SYMBOL WILL BE CENTERED ON INDICATOR DISPLAY DURING OPERATION AND SELF-TEST

  34. DEGRADED PERFORMANCE INDICATED BY FLASHING + SIGNAL NORMAL SENSITIVITY RESTORED INDICATED BY SOLID + SYMBOL (NOT FLASHING) DEGRADED PERFORMANCE SYNTHETIC VOICE MESSAGE IS “THREAT DETECTION DEGRADED” WHEN NORMAL SENSITIVITY IS RESTORED, SYNTHETIC VOICE MESSAGE IS “THREAT DETECTION RESTORED” OPERATION IN DENSESIGNAL ENVIRONMENTS • DENSE SIGNAL ENVIRONMENTS MAY CAUSE THE SYSTEM TO OPERATE IN A DEGRADED (LESS SENSITIVE) MODE. AS SIGNAL DENSITY (PULSES PER SECOND) INCREASES, THE SYSTEM THRESHOLD IS AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTED UPWARDS. WITH THE SYSTEM THRESHOLD RAISED, SIGNALS BELOW THE NEW THRESHOLD WILL NOT BE PROCESSED. THE OPERATOR NEEDS TO KNOW WHEN THE SYSTEM IS OPERATING IN THIS LESS-SENSITIVE MODE. THE SYSTEM INFORMS THE OPERATOR BY FLASHING THE PLUS (+) SIGNAL AND THE SYNTHETIC VOICE MESSAGE “THREAT DETECTION DEGRADED.” • SYSTEM SENSITIVITY WILL AUTOMATICALLY RETURN TO NORMAL WHEN SIGNAL DENSITY IN THE ENVIRONMENT DECREASES. THE OPERATOR KNOWS THE SYSTEM IS BACK TO NORMAL WHEN THE PLUS (+) SYMBOL STOPS FLASHING. THE SYNTHETIC VOICE MESSAGE “THREAT DETECTION RESTORED” OCCURS WHEN SYSTEM SENSITIVITY RETURNS TO NORMAL.

  35. OPERATION IN DENSESIGNAL ENVIRONMENTS 6 8 8

  36. TEST EQUIPMENT • 1. RADAR SIGNAL TEST ADAPTER (MX 9848A) • CAN BE USED FOR INTERMEDIATE / DEPOT MAINTENANCE • CAN BE USED FOR SOFTWARE DEBUGGING TOOL FOR INVESTIGATING SYSTEM-RELATED PROBLEMS AND ISOLATING TO A SPECIFIC LRU / SRU • CAN BE USED TO VERIFY SYSTEM INTEGRITY • HANDS-ON TRAINING FOR USERS

  37. TEST EQUIPMENT • 2. FLIGHT LINE TEST SET (SM674A) • PROVIDES RF SIGNALS FOR VERIFICATION • PROVIDES SIGNALS IN “D,” “I,” AND “K” BANDS • PROVIDES “SINGLE” FREQUENCY • END-TO-END SYSTEM TEST • PROVIDES ACTIVATION UP TO 20 FEET (6 METERS) FROM ANTENNAS • PROVIDES END-TO-END TEST

  38. AN/APR-39A(V)1 CAPABILITY • GOOD: AS LONG AS YOU DON’T OVERLOAD IT! • REMEMBER -- THERE AIN’T MANY ?

  39. HOW ARAT-TA PREPARESMISSION DATA SETS

  40. GENERAL COMPARISON: • JET vs LOW-SLOW • BLACK BOXES • “COST, CAPABILITIES, • REPROGRAMMING” REPROGRAMMING: EXERCISES PEACETIME COMBAT INTRODUCTION

  41. REPROGRAMMING THREAT ANALYSIS PROCESS OVERVIEW • PROCESS STEP • DETERMINE SYSTEM FOR REPROGRAMMING • DETERMINE COUNTRY OR REGION OF EMPLOYMENT • IDENTIFY THREATS IN THAT COUNTRY OR REGION • OBTAIN / ANALYZE THREAT PARAMETERS • DESIGNATE THE PARAMETERS TO BE REPROGRAMMED

  42. PROCESS PRODUCT THREAT FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS • RESEARCH DATA BASE TO SEE WHAT • FUNCTION THE EMITTER PERFORMS, • I.E., HEIGHT FINDING, EARLY • WARNING, ETC. • LISTING OF FUNCTION CODES • TO BE USED DURING SCREENING • EXAMPLES: FIRE CONTROL (FC) • TARGET ILLUMINATION (TI) • MISSILE GUIDANCE (MG)

  43. PROCESS REGIONAL TAILORING • ANALYSIS OF REGION TO BE USED • IN MISSION DATA SET PREPARATION PRODUCT • PRELIMINARY LISTING OF • COUNTRIES TO BE INCLUDED • IN FIRST STAGE OF ANALYSIS • KOREAN PENINSULA • 1 - XXXX • 2 - XXXX

  44. THREAT DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS • REVIEW (ANALYZE) ALL COLLECTED • THREAT INFORMATION FOR ELNOTS, • MESSAGE TRAFFIC, AND DOCUMENTATION PRODUCT • ELNOTS SELECTED • ELNOTS BY COUNTRY

  45. PROCESS THREAT DATA ANALYSIS • ITERATIVE FOR EACH REVIEW • LIST CONSOLIDATION (REDUCTION) • ELIMINATION OF ELNOTS BY • FUNCTION AND CAPABILITY PRODUCT • OB / ELNOT LISTING • -- REGIONAL • -- ELNOT REDUCTION

  46. PARAMETER DESIGNATION PROCESS • ANALYSIS AND TRADE-OFFS • FINAL CONSOLIDATION OF ELNOTS • DETAILED EVALUATION OF THREAT • PARAMETERS FOR EACH SYSTEM • PARAMETER SELECTION FRAME PRODUCT • PRIORITIZED THREAT (ELNOT) LISTING • RECOMMENDED PARAMETERS (BY • ELNOT, PRIORITY, AND SYMBOLOGY) • FOR CECOM-SEC EVALUATION AND • SYSTEM LOADING

  47. AN/APR-39A(V)1 MDS GENERATION • THREAT INTELLIGENCE DATA • ANALYSIS • THREAT DATABASE • PROGRAMMED THREAT DATABASE • SYSTEM DATABASE • AMBIGUITY ANALYSIS • DEVELOPMENTAL TESTING • DRY RUN TESTING • FORMAL TESTING • CUSTOMER ACCEPTANCE • RELEASE TEST PROCEDURES CODE MDS

  48. WHY THEATERIZE? • MAKE INTELLIGENCE WORK • ONLY LOOK AT WHAT’S SHOOTING AT YOU • REDUCE THREAT AMBIGUITIES • REDUCE UNWARRANTED EVASIVE MANEUVERS / USE OF EXPENDABLES, ETC. • INCREASE AVIATOR CONFIDENCE IN SYSTEM

  49. AN/APR-39A(V)1COCKPIT DISPLAYS • NAMESYMBOLAUDIO AVAILABLE • GUN YES • ZSU YES • TWO 2 NO • THREE 3 NO • FOUR 4 YES • FIVE 5 NO • SIX 6 YES • SEVEN 7 NO • EIGHT 8 YES • NINE 9 NO • ZERO 0 NO • ONE 1 NO • LASER * YES • HELICOPTER YES • NULL NO • F F NO • FIXED WING YES • CIRCLE O YES • SQUARE NO • DIAMOND NO • DOT l NO • UNKNOWN U YES • MISSILE YES

  50. 6 4 AN/APR-39A(V)1 • MOST USED DISPLAY CLASSIFICATIONS (GHOSTING) U

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