Diversity of Life - Prokaryotes

1. Diversity of Life -Prokaryotes

3. What are prokaryotes? - a type of organism lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.

4. What are prokaryotes? - a type of organism lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Bacteria

5. What are prokaryotes? - a type of organism lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Bacteria Archaea

6. What are the features of prokaryotes? Look at: Cell surfaces Internal organization Nutritional/metabolic adaptations

7. What are the features of prokaryotes? Cell Surfaces -one feature which determines the kind of bacterium being dealt with -made up peptidoglycan Sugars (polymers) Polypeptides

8. What are the features of prokaryotes? Cell Surfaces -one feature which determines the kind of bacterium being dealt with peptidoglycan layer plasma membrane Cell wall = peptidoglycan layer

9. What are the features of prokaryotes? Cell Surfaces -one feature which determines the kind of bacterium being dealt with lipopolysaccharide Outer membrane peptidoglycan layer plasma membrane Cell wall = peptidoglycan layer Cell wall = peptidoglycan layer + outer membrane

10. What are the features of prokaryotes? Cell Surfaces -one feature which determines the kind of bacterium being dealt with lipopolysaccharide Outer membrane peptidoglycan layer plasma membrane Cell wall = peptidoglycan layer Cell wall = peptidoglycan layer + outer membrane Gram positive Gram negative

11. What are the features of prokaryotes? Gram positive Gram negative

12. What are the features of prokaryotes? Cell surfaces and infection -lipopolysaccharide layer - can produce toxins -outer membrane - protects bacteria from host’s immune system - outer membrane - protects bacteria from antibiotics

13. What are the features of prokaryotes? Internal structure cell wall nucleoid region plasmids plasma membrane ribosomes capsule chromosome Prokaryotic cell

14. What are the features of prokaryotes? Internal structure - what do the structures do? Cell wall - provides physical protection, maintains shape in different salinities Capsule - sticky, polysaccharide or protein - protection from host’s immune system Plasma membrane - acts as a selective chemical barrier Chromosome - a ring of DNA that carries all the necessary genetic information Nuceloid region - area of the cell containing the chromosome Plasmids - small rings of DNA - function in ‘emergency’ situations Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis in the cell

15. What are the features of prokaryotes? Nutritional and metabolic adaptations Ways of obtaining energy Autotroph - use only CO2 as a carbon source Heterotroph - need one organic nutrient (e.g. glucose) Phototrophs - use light as a source of energy Chemotrophs - use chemicals as a source of energy

16. What are the features of prokaryotes? Nutritional and metabolic adaptations Ways of obtaining energy • Energy Carbon • Mode of nutrition source source • Autotrophs • Photoautotroph Light CO2 Chemoautotroph Inorganic CO2 chemicals • Heterotrophs • Photoheterotroph Light Organic compounds • Chemoheterotroph Organic Organic compounds compounds

17. What are the features of prokaryotes? Nutritional and metabolic adaptations Relationship to Oxygen Facultative Obligate Aerobes Anaerobes

18. What are the features of prokaryotes? Nutritional and metabolic adaptations Relationship to Nitrogen N2 NH3 Amino acids Proteins Plant can’t fix N2

19. Classification of Prokaryotes What features separate the Bacteria from the Archaea? Characteristic Bacteria Arachaea Peptidoglycan yes no Reponse to growth growth antibiotics inhibited not inhibited Growth above no some species 100ºC See Table 27.2 in your book

20. Classification of Prokaryotes Alpha Beta Proteo- bacteria Gamma Delta Epsilon Chlamydias Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Gram positive bacteria Archaea

21. Classification of Prokaryotes Alpha Gram positive Beta Gram negative Proteo- bacteria Gamma Delta Epsilon Chlamydias Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria Gram positive bacteria Archaea

22. Classification of Prokaryotes Alpha Proteobacteria -e.g. Rhizobium - nitrogen fixing in plant roots Beta Proteobacteria -several soil bacteria Gamma Proteobacteria -some pathogens - Salmonella (food poisoning) Legionella (Legionnaire’s disease) Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) Delta Proteobacteria -several soil bacteria Epsilon Proteobacteria -gastrointestinal infections

23. Classification of Prokaryotes Chlamydias -venereal disease

24. Classification of Prokaryotes Chlamydias -venereal disease Spirochaetes -disease organisms Treponema pallidum - syphillus Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme disease

25. Classification of Prokaryotes Gram positive Bacteria -very diverse group Some familiar ones: Streptomyces - antibiotic production

26. Classification of Prokaryotes Gram positive Bacteria -very diverse group Some familiar ones: Streptomyces - antibiotic production Bacillus anthrax - anthrax

27. Classification of Prokaryotes Gram positive Bacteria -very diverse group Some familiar ones: Streptomyces - antibiotic production Bacillus anthrax - anthrax Streptococcus - respiratory disease

28. Classification of Prokaryotes Cyanobacteria - only prokaryotes with plant-like photosynthesis

29. Classification of Prokaryotes Archaea - differ from bacteria in several ways but have no peptidoglycan Common in extreme conditions • Thermophiles - live at extreme temperatures (>100ºC) Pyrolobus -in deep sea vents

30. Classification of Prokaryotes Archaea - differ from bacteria in several ways but have no peptidoglycan Common in extreme conditions 2. Halophiles - live at extreme salinities

31. Classification of Prokaryotes Archaea - differ from bacteria in several ways but have no peptidoglycan Common in extreme conditions 3. Methanogens - use CO2 to oxidize H2 - release CH3 - “swamp gas”

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