Diversity of Life

1. Diversity of Life Revealing Relationships Doug Fraser STAO - 2011

2. Science and Society are DYNAMICWhat are the Implications for the Diversity of Life?

3. Wow – the human population is skyrocketing We must be a very successful species What does this graph mean in terms of births and deaths? What if any are the consequences of this trend?

4. Diversity at Risk lUCN – International Union for the Conservation of Nature - RED LIST

5. Independent research . . . Show your students how to use the IUCN Red List search engine http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Have students use the search engine to explore a group of their choosing such as . . . • Birds • All • North America • Caribbean (http://www.scscb.org/) • Bears of the world • Marsupials (DIPROTODONTIA) • Pines • Whales – tricky!

6. Diversity at Risk ARKive – Images of Life on Earth - http://www.arkive.org/ Videos and photos - searchable by name/group or geographic region

7. Promote Conservation in Action http://Thisfish.info L2611451

10. Use Videos and Images ARKive, Youtube, Google Video, . . . Manakin Moon Walk Bipedal Octopus Tasmanian wolf (extinct) Cuttlefish

11. Porifera and Cnidaria of Ontario

12. Field Courses for Educators Peru & the Amazon 2012

13. Classification Systems • Humans have a need to identify and classify • We have MANY reasons for doing so . .

14. Those belonging to the Emperor Embalmed ones Those that are trained Suckling pigs Mermaids Fabulous ones Stray dogs Innumerable ones Those that tremble as if they were mad Those drawn with a very fine camel’s hair brush Those that have just broken a flower vase Those that resemble flies from a distance. Others The Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge(10th Century Chinese Encyclopaedia)Plants & Animals were classified as . . . Protists?

15. Taxonomyisthe naming and classification of organisms Science to the rescue . . . According to the refined Linnaean System the eastern timber wolfwas classified as belonging to the . . .

16. DOMAIN - Eukaryota 1.Kingdom- Animalia Subkingdom- Metazoa 2.Phylum- Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Superclass- Tetrapoda 3.Class- Mammalia Subclass- Theria NOW we’re getting somewhere. . . . .

17. Infraclass - Eutheria Cohort - Ferungulata Superorder - Ferea 4.Order- Carnivora Suborder- Caniformia . . . . .don’t stop now – we’re on a role . . . Go Science!

18. Superfamily- Canoidea 5.Family- Canidae Subfamily- Caninea 6.Genus- Canis 7.Species- Canislupus Subspecies - Canis lupus lycaon These names are also subject to revisions. For example, the domesticated dog is now . . . Canis lupus domesticus

19. Biology students aren’t the only ones who have problems with such a system. In 1759 critics argued that the dog should not be placed with wolves and foxes, but with the horse, as both are found in the barnyard! But I AM a wolf!

20. Scientists still use common words (such as worms) when discussing groups!

21. Teachers need to avoid creating these misconceptions!

22. Meet the Invertebrates!

23. There are some very valid criticisms . . . 9000+ species of birds are arranged into 160 families 60 000 species of parasitic wasps share 1 family!

24. The Protists don’t help!

25. Traditional Classification and Modern Phylogeny • Traditional classification was based largely on shared morphological traits grouping by “similarity” • Modern classification is based on phylogeny – with the goal to group by “kinship”

26. Phylogenetic tree show evolutionary relationships

27. Interpreting Tree Diagrams

28. Principles of Cladistics • As speciesevolve they acquire new (derived)traits • Derived traits are passed on and sharedby all descendents of that lineage. (Unless they are “lost”) • Species are grouped according toshared derived traits

29. No Tail lizard gorilla chimp Primitive or Derived Traits? Lost tail Tail lizard cat gorilla Lost tail Primitive Trait The most recent common ancestor to all 3 species had a tail DerivedTrait The most recent common ancestor to all 3 species was NOT tailless

31. Birds – In a Class of their Own?

32. Crocs in the middle?

33. Traditional Classification

34. Modern Classification

35. Classifications are changing rapidly shark bass frog osteichthyes

36. Where did the Deuteromycota go?

37. The Closest of Kin Circle the two most closely related organisms in each group: Amoeba, mushroom, goat Paramecium, ameoba, elephant Coyote, wolf, dog Water lily, tulip, wheat

38. Classify the following . . . stainless steel cutlery metal pie plate pine bookcase leather armchair rubber spatula dishes maple cutting board wool designer carpet glass coffee table crystal wine glasses chrome picture frame teak spoon oven mitt oak kitchen table and chair set

39. In the store and at home? dishes stainless steel cutlery pine bookcase crystal wine glasses leather armchair chrome picture frame teak spoon oak kitchen table and chair set metal pie plate wool designer carpet maple cutting board glass coffee table rubber spatula oven mitt

40. In a science book or manufacturing plant? glass coffee table leather armchair dishes wool designer carpet crystal wine glasses metal pie plate oven mitt pine bookcase stainless steel cutlery maple cutting board chrome picture frame teak spoon rubber spatula oak kitchen table and chair set

41. Classify the following . . . Fresh corn Potatoes Beets Almonds Lettuce Cocoa powder Tomato sauce Vanilla extract Banana Coffee Whole wheat flour Apples Sugar Shredded coconut

42. In the store . . . Banana Apples Shredded coconut Almonds Whole wheat flour Sugar Coffee Fresh corn Potatoes Cocoa powder Tomato sauce Beets Vanilla extract Lettuce

43. In the world of plant science. . . Banana Lettuce Almonds Shredded coconut Potatoes Coffee Fresh corn Cocoa powder Whole wheat flour Beets Vanilla extract Apples Tomato sauce Sugar

44. Diversity of Life Thank You! Doug Fraser fraser.biology@gmail.com