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Theories of Development: Understanding Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, and Behavioral Approaches

This chapter explores key theories of development, focusing on the psychoanalytic tradition pioneered by Freud and Erikson, the cognitive developmental approach by Piaget, and Vygotsky's cultural framework theory. It highlights the structures of the mind, stages of personality development, and defense mechanisms in the psychoanalytic tradition. Additionally, it discusses Piaget’s stages of cognitive development and Vygotsky’s concepts of internalization and the Zone of Proximal Development. Finally, it covers the behavioral approach of Skinner and Bandura, including the impact of reinforcement and observational learning on behavior.

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Theories of Development: Understanding Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, and Behavioral Approaches

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  1. Chapter 2 Theoriesof Development

  2. The Psychoanalytic Tradition • Structures of the mind: • The Id—Pleasure Principle • The Ego—Reality Principle • Superego—Conscience • The Developing Personality: • Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital • Fixation can occur at any stage • Defense Mechanisms help us cope with anxiety

  3. The Psychoanalytic Tradition • Erikson’s Psychosocial Interpretation: • Eight Psychosocial Stages— • Trust vs. mistrust • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt • Initiative vs. Guilt • Industry vs. Inferiority • Identity vs. Identity Confusion • Intimacy vs. Isolation • Generativity vs. Stagnation • Integrity vs. Despair

  4. The Cognitive Developmental Approach • Jean Piaget: Assimilation and Accommodation in Equilibrium • Four Stages: • Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 ys.) • Pre-Operational Stage (2-7 ys.) • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 ys.) • Formal Operational Stage (11+ ys.)

  5. The Cultural Framework Approach • Lev Vygotsky’s Theory: • Elementary Processes=biological, psychological, and sociocultural intertwining • External speech + Inner speech guide behavior • Internalization of speechthought

  6. The Cultural Framework Approach • Vygotsky’s Theory: Zone of Proximal Development • Difference between child’s actual developmental level and potential level • Scaffolding=Adult help to enable child to learn new information

  7. The Behavioral Approach • Skinner and Operant Conditioning: • Environment reacts to behavior and either reinforces itincrease in that behavior or punishes itdecrease in that behavior • Extinction=elimination of the behavior due to ignoring

  8. The Behavioral Approach • Bandura and Social Cognitive Learning: • Observation of others (models) leads to learning of new responses • Observation of models can strengthen or weaken existing responses • Observation of models may cause previously-forgotten behaviors to reappear • Rewarded or unpunished behaviors will more likely be learnt and modeled by observers

  9. Developmental Theory • Interactions Among Levels of Development: • Genetic, Neural, Behavioral, Environmental • Multidirectional interrelationship • Developmental Contextualism: • Physical Setting—home, class, workplace • Social Influences—family, peers • Individual Personal Characteristics — temperament • Influence of Time—time of our lifespan

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