The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte

1. The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte

2. The Directory 1795-1799 After the Reign of Terror people want a new government and new constitution The Name of this new government is the Directory Legislature is elected by the people 5 elected directors made up the executive Only literate, property owning men could vote Had many problems 4. People rioted against them 1. Inefficient 5. Continued the war 2. Corrupt 3. Removed price controls and prices skyrocketed

3. France now has the largest army in Europe Still fighting for Liberty Equality Fraternity

4. Napoleon Bonaparte Born on the Island of Corsica on August 15, 1769 Trained at a French military academy, École Militaire Favorite subjects were Artillery, Mathematics, and Geography

5. Military Actions July 1793 – Ousts the British from Toulon Showed his military genius by placing his guns on a hill and recapturing the city Gets the attention of the Committee of Public Safety Promoted to Brigadier General and given command of the Artillery in the Army of Italy

6. April 1795 – Gains command of the Army of the West Got the attention of the Directory by breaking up a Paris mob Broke them up by Firing a “whiff of grapeshot”

7. Married Josephine de Beauharnais By 27 he was a general He leads the French Army against Italy and Austria He defeated Austria and forced them out of the war

8. By 1797 the British are the only ones left fighting France Napoleon invades Egypt to hurt British Trade He discovers the Rosetta Stone This is the key to translating ancient text

9. Napoleon is defeated at the Nile by Horatio Nelson At the Battle of the Nile the French fleet is handicapped Napoleon abandons the army in Egypt and returns to France a hero

10. In 1799 Napoleon and 2 Directors overthrow the Directory Wrote a new Constitution (#4) 1800 - Napoleon was named First Consul By 30 he was dictator of France

11. Napoleon as Emperor 1802 - Napoleon makes himself First Consul for Life Approved by Plebiscite This means Popular Vote This also means that France has effectively gone back to a monarchy

12. 1804 - Napoleon makes himself Emperor Also approved by plebiscite Continued the reforms of the French Revolution IF Allowed Émigrés to return They agreed to give up titles and privilege

13. The Reforms of Napoleon The Napoleonic Code Gives Freedom of Worship Grants Equality before the Law Takes away rights of women and children Makes men the head of household with all the rights and privileges

14. Required all citizens to pay taxes Created the National Bank of France Deposited all tax money Issued Paper money and made loans

15. Created Lyceés Free, government run, public schools

16. The Concordat of 1801 Government will Appoint Bishops Pay Clergy Pope will remain in charge of religious aspects of church Church cannot get their land back

17. Napoleon wants an Empire 1800 – He sells the Louisiana Territory to Thomas Jefferson Sold it for 15 million dollars This added 90000 square miles to the U.S. He needs the money to fight wars

18. Napoleon in Triumph and Defeat Divorces Josephine in 1809 b/c he has no heir Marries Marie Louise in 1810 and she gave him a son Now he has an heir to inherit his empire

19. Napoleon’s Empire In 1805 he attacks Austria The Battle of Ulm Austria expects him to attack from the front but he attacks from the rear instead The Austrians can’t retreat The Battle of Austerlitz Napoleon defeats Austria and Russia

20. Through diplomacy and War Napoleon kept European powers divided Napoleon took control of the German States Did away with the Holy Roman Empire Renamed it the Confederation of the Rhine

21. In1806 Napoleon invaded Prussia Napoleon was at the height of his power from 1807-1812 Empire stretched from France to Russia He was emperor in France and the Netherlands Italy and Spain were satellite states and followed Napoleon’s laws Austria and Prussia were allies Made his brother Joseph king of Spain

22. At first people see him as a liberator He spreads the ideas of the French Revolution Then they start to see him as a tyrant Especially when he starts to draft for the French Army And raise taxes

23. The continental System This was Napoleon's plan to blockade Great Britain

24. The Continental System was a blockade of all trade to and from Britain from the European Continent The point of this was to make Europe self sufficient (AND MORE IMPORTANTLY) To hurt British trade and force them out of the war.

25. The blockade failed however, for many reasons 1. Smugglers managed to bring cargo into Europe 2. Napoleon’s Allies also ignored the blockade 3. Napoleon’s family ignored the blockade at times 4. Britain responded with a blockade of their own, and since they had a stronger navy, they could actually make their blockade work The French demanded that any ship going to Britain stop in France first and pay a tax, the British demanded that any ship going to France stop in Britain first, be searched and pay a tax.

26. The Peninsular War In 1808 when trying to force Portugal to accept the continental System, Napoleon sent troops through Spain to invade them. The Spanish protested, so Napoleon removed their King and put his brother Joseph on the throne. The Spanish loved their king and they resisted Napoleon For 6 years, Spanish guerillas fought against the French and the British sent in troops to help Napoleon lost 300.000 troops in this war.

27. The Invasion of Russia In June of 1812, Napoleon decided to invade Russia, because Alexander II was ignoring the blockade Napoleon and his Grand Army of 600,000 men marched into Russia As the French marched in, the Russians retreated, burning all their fields and killing any livestock they couldn’t take with them

28. On September 7, 1812 the Russians met the French at Borodino. The Russian’s lost, and retreated leaving Moscow to the French The City was in flames Napoleon stayed until October then headed back to France Bad weather, starvation, and attacks from the enemy killed or wounded approximately 400,000 of Napoleon's men

29. Napoleon’s Downfall

30. Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden all joined forces against France Napoleon managed to put together a new army quickly and he met with the other European powers at Leipzig in October of 1813 By January of 1814 the allies were just outside of Paris and by March of 1814 Prussian and Russian troops were marching through the city

31. In April of 1814 Napoleon was forced to accept the terms of surrender. He had to give up his throne, he was given a small pension, and he was sent away to the island of Elba.

32. Louis XVI’s brother took over as Louis XVIII Louis quickly became unpopular and that was all the distraction that Napoleon needed On March 1, 1815 Napoleon landed in France where crowds welcomed him and a new army created itself on the way to Paris The European allies quickly joined up against Napoleon again, led by the Duke of Wellington

33. The Battle of Waterloo On June 18, 1815 Napoleon attacked at the Belgian city of Waterloo On June 20, 1815 Napoleon’s troops were defeated and this time Napoleon was exiled to a tiny island in the south Atlantic called St. Helena

34. Napoleon died in 1821 of what was most likely stomach cancer. His last words were “The Army”