Unit Three: Early Expansion

1. Unit Three: Early Expansion

2. SSUSH6 • SSUSH6 The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation.

3. SSUSH6a. • Explain the Northwest Ordinance’s importance in the westward migration of Americans, and on slavery, public education, and the addition of new states.

4. Achievements under the Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was not all bad. It did provide the nation with an orderly way to organize new territories.

5. Two Land Ordinances • The central gov’t received lands called the Northwest Territory – an area bounded by the Mississippi River, the Ohio River, and the Great Lakes. • To provide for the settling and governing of the territory, Congress passed two laws: the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

6. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Land Ordinance of 1785 • Divided lands into 36 sections each • One section of each township be used to support public education. • It sold in 640 acre section at no less than a $1 per acre.

7. Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787 • Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787 • The territory would be divided into no fewer than three no more than five territories, each would become a state (These would later become Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin)

8. Once the territory reached 5000 male adults, it could create a territorial legislature, together with a governor and judges appointed by Congress. • At 60,000 people, it could adopt a state constitution and apply for statehood. • It prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory, encouraged education, and provided a “bill of rights.”

9. Significance (importance) • The Land Ordinance created a central policy for the sale of western lands and showed an interest in public education. • The Northwest Ordinance created a way for territories to become states. It also treated the territories with respect.

10. SSUSH6b • b. Describe Jefferson’s diplomacy in obtaining the Louisiana Purchase from France and the territory’s exploration by Lewis and Clark.

11. Louisiana Purchase SSUSH6b

12. Ways the United States have acquired land in the past. • Warfare • Purchasing land • Treaty

13. SSUSH6b SSUSH6 The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation. b. Describe Jefferson’s diplomacy in obtaining the Louisiana Purchase from France and the territory’s exploration by Lewis and Clark.

14. Louisiana Purchase, 1803 • Purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million dollars. • Why? • France had taken control of the Mississippi River. • They charged the USA money to trade at the mouth of the Mississippi River. (New Orleans) • Thomas Jefferson feared that Napoleon Bonaparte would take away US right of deposit in New Orleans • Negotiated treaty with Napoleon Bonaparte to purchase the Louisiana territory.

15. Louisiana Purchase, 1803

16. Problems • Thomas Jefferson believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Purchasing land was not mentioned in the Constitution, He overcame his doubts and purchased the land.

17. Consequences of the Louisiana Purchase • Doubled the size of the USA • Gave the United States the Mississippi River and New Orleans.

18. Lewis and Clark (1804-1806) • Congress agreed to finance an expedition to explore the area. • Jefferson choose Meriwether Lewis, his private secretary, to lead the expedition. Lewis choose William Clark as his companion officer.

19. Lewis and Clark Expedition • It started from Missouri in the spring of 1804. • Its goals were to: • Search for river routes to the western ocean. • Make contact with the Native Americans living in the territory • Gather information about the area’s natural resources.

20. Sacajawea and York • To help a French trapper was hired. His wife, Sacajawea (a Shoshone Native American) was used as an interpreter. • York, a slave belonging to Clark, was instrumental in smoothing the transition of the explorers.

21. c. Explain major reasons for the War of 1812 and the war’s significance on the development of a national identity.

22. War of 1812 • War of 1812 • Main causes • Impressment  British sailors forcing American sailors to work for them • Freedom of the seas • US citizens felt threaten by the British presence in Canada. • June 18, 1812 – Congress declared war on Great Britain

23. War Hawks vs. Doves • War Hawks like Senator John C. Calhoun of SC and Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky wanted war in a hope to gain more land out west. • War Hawks – term used to describe people who desire war. • Doves like many in the North or New England states often did not want war because they were concerned it would hurt their business dealings with Great Britain. • Doves - term used to describe people who want peace.

24. Events of the War • The British invaded Washington, DC and burned the White House. • Battle of Fort McHenry - a victory for the United States. • Frances Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner (later to become the national anthem)

25. Events of the War of 1812 • Treaty of Ghent (December 1914) • Ended the war in a stalemate. (No one loses, no one wins.) • Battle of New Orleans was a victory but was fought several weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed. • The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew Jackson a national hero

26. War’s significance on the development of a national identity. • Star-Spangled Banner  Francis Scott Key • Nationalism • Belief that a person should put the country’s interest over an individuals • Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero.

27. National Identity • The war produced a strong sense of national identity • Before the war manufacturing had lagged behind the Europeans. Because the war nearly stopped trade between Europe and the USA, the USA began to manufacture its own goods. • Northern manufacturers begin to prosper (do well) and Southern farmers made huge amounts of money off King Cotton. (The cotton gin had been created in 1794)

29. Era of Good Feelings (1817-1824) • James Monroe (the last of the Founding Father presidents) was elected in 1817 • Many felt new nationalistic feelings.

30. Henry Clay and the American System • Sen. Henry Clay called for several changes to help the country grow. • Federal investment in infrastructure (roads,etc.) • A tariff to protect trade

31. Problems • Political leaders argued over who would pay for the improvements. The Federal gov’t or the state gov’t.

32. d. Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the rise of New York City, and the development of the nation’s infrastructure.

33. The Erie Canal • In the early 1800s, New York decided to build the Erie canal (a canal is a man made waterway). • The water way increase trade between those in the Ohio River Valley and the Atlantic Ocean.

34. e. Describe the reasons for and importance of the Monroe Doctrine.

35. The Monroe Doctrine • James Monroe faced a dilemma. European nations begin to think about farther colonization of Latin America (South America and the Caribbean's.) • The previous wars over seas had caused them to lose interests in these areas.

36. James Monroe issued the Monroe doctrine saying the United States would not tolerate European intervention in the affairs of any independent nations in the Americas. • Any future attempts to colonize would be considered an act of aggression. • The USA also promised that it would not become involved in the internal affairs of other America nations, nor in those of European nations.

37. GPS 7Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, ant the different responses to it.

38. SSUSH7a a. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets.

39. Impact of the Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution (a time when advances in technology led to massive economic changes) started in Great Britain around 1750. • IT started in the textile industry. • It relied on mechanization (use of machines) instead of a cottage industry (each part was made by hand.)

40. Eli Whitney Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793. This invention separated the seeds from cotton making it profitable. Effect • The South became a “cotton kingdom” where “King Cotton” ruled. • Its led to a boom (increase) in cotton plantations. • It made the South dependent on slave labor.

41. Interchangeable parts • Eli Whitney also created the interchangeable parts. • He was trying to manufacture muskets in large numbers. Each part was so precisely made it could fit another rifle. This ideal spread to other industries. A key aspect of the new technologies was the use of interchangeable parts which could be replaced without disposing of an entire machine.

42. b. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny.

43. Describe westward growth of the United States • By the middle of the 1800s, most Americans believed it was the nation’s destiny to expand to the Pacific Ocean. • This ideal was called Manifest Destiny.

44. Manifest Destiny was the name given to the idea that the United States would naturally occupy the territory between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. The word manifest means ―obvious,‖ and the word destiny means ―fate.‖ According to Manifest Destiny, the obvious fate of the United States was to expand ―from sea to shining sea.‖

45. Manifest Destiny • Manifest Destiny was the belief that the nation had a sacred duty to conquer the West.

46. Westward Growth of the United States Westward Growth of the United States was motivated by three main reasons: 1. The desire of most Americans to own their own land. 2. The discovery of gold and other valuable resources. 3. The belief that the United States was destined to stretch across North America

48. c. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school.

49. Reform Movements • A number of social reform movements begin during the 1800s. • They aimed to transform the society in beneficial ways. • Movements • Temperance Movement • Abolitionist Movement • Education reform movement • Women’s movement

50. Temperance Movement • In the early 1800s (19th century), the temperance movement begin to gain popularity. • The Temperance movement wanted to moderate the use of alcohol and late advocated total abstinence. • Many states passed laws prohibiting its sale. • It owed its success to women and church leaders in the US.