Converging Lens

1. Converging Lens XiaoyaWu Marguerite Daw

2. Purpose • Examine the relationship between: • object distance vs. image distance • object height vs. image height • image height vs. object distance

3. Hypothesis • As object distance increases, image distance decreases • As object height increases, image height increases • As object distance increase, image height decrease

4. Materials • Lamp • Marked track • Lens • Screen • Object • Flashlights • Dark Room • Ring stand • Clamps • Cardboard (for when small screen is too small for part 2)

5. Setup

6. Procedure (Part One) • Measure the focal length by holding the lens and screen (mounted on the track) up to a distant image. Find the distance where the image is the most focused. • Set up the stationary lamp at the zero mark of the track. Use ring stand and clamps to fix the lamp. Make sure to measure the height of the object on the lamp. • Lay out the tracks and affix the lens at a distance of 15 focal distance away from the lamp/zero mark. • Move the screen until a focused image is formed. Measure the image distance and height. • Decrease the object distance by moving the lens closer to the lamp by 1 focal distance. Repeat 4. • When object is 3 focal length away, decrease the object distance by 5.0 cm. • When object is close to 2 focal length away, decrease the object distance by 2.0 cm. • Stop when image gets too big to measure on the screen

7. Data Table Constants: Image Height (L)= 1.9 cm Focal Length = 19.7 cm

8. Method 1 -Both Asymptotes Method II -One Asymptote

10. Since the last three points were very difficult to focus, we decided to leave them off.

11. Mathematical Analysis

12. Slope Significance/Model

13. Error Calculations Y-intercept Constants: focal length = 19.7 cm

16. Mathematical Analysis

17. What does this mean? • Looking at the intercept, we noticed that the x- and y-intercepts are very close to being the same. Also the slope of the graph is -1. This suggests that the sum of 1/Image Distance and 1/Object Distance is a constant, which is 1/Focal Length. • Thus,

18. Error Calculations Slope Y-intercept Constants: focal length = 19.7 cm • Experimental Value = -1.05 • Actual Value = -1.00 • Absolute Error =|-1.00 - -1.05| = .05 • Relative Error =.05/-1.00 = .05 =5% • Experimental Value =.0509 (1/cm) • Actual Value = 1/19.7 cm = .0508 (1/cm) • Absolute Error =|.0508 (1/cm) - .0509 (1/cm) | =.0001 (1/cm) • Relative Error =.0001 (1/cm) / .0508 (1/cm) = .002 = .2%

21. The last few points were left out because their image heights were not accurate due to difficulties in focusing.

22. Mathematical Analysis

23. Error Analysis Constants: Image Height = 1.90 cm Focal Length = 19.7 cm

24. Procedure (Part Two) • Set up the lens at 1.5 focal length from the lamp. • Measure the height of the object. Place the object in from of the lamp. • Adjust the cardboard screen until the image is focused. Measure the image height. • Repeat with objects with different heights. • Repeat 1-4 at 2.5 focal length.

25. Data Table

28. Mathematical Analysis 1.5 Focal Length 2.5 Focal Length

29. What Just Happened? Do = 1.5f Do = 2.5f

30. Error Analysis 1.5 Focal Length 2.5 Focal Length • Experimental Value = 2.02 • Actual Value = 2.00 • Absolute Error =|2.00 – 2.02| = .02 • Relative Error = .02/2.00 = .01 = 1% • Experimental Value = .604 • Actual Value = .500 • Absolute Error = |.500 = .604| = .104 • Relative Error = .104 / .500 = .208 = 20.8%

31. Source of Error • The main source of error was measuring the image height. It was especially difficult when the image was small. For the first few points, there was no discernible difference in the height. The ruler was also not always held steady when measuring. • Another source was getting the image completely focused and then measuring the image distance. At some points the distance could have been a range of values of + or – 1cm.

32. Ray Diagram 2F F F 2F

33. Ray Diagram 2F F F 2F

34. Ray Diagram 2F F F 2F

35. Ray Diagram 2F F F 2F

36. Ray Diagram 2F F F 2F

37. Thank you The End