NAVWAR Navigation Warfare: Electronic Warfare and the Global Positioning System

1. NAVWAR (Navigation Warfare): Electronic Warfare and the Global Positioning System

2. Outline Awareness video Satellite Navigation Overview GPS as a Military Enabler GPS Vulnerabilities, Real World Environment NAVWAR Definition Protection Techniques/GPS Modernization International NAVWAR Activities DND/CF NAVWAR Activities Summary

3. SatNav Systems Global Positioning System Glonass (Russia) Galileo (Europe) Beidou/Compass (China)

4. GLONASS Russian Satellite Navigation system 18 MEO Satellites in 3 planes Currently 13 transmitting satellites, 17 on orbit Recent launches (3 satellites at a time) Plan is for 18 satellites in 2008 and 24 by 2011 Signals are differentiated by frequency FDMA rather than CDMA, 511kHz separation C/A and P-codes - C/A same for all satellites Two RF carriers: L1 � 1,602 MHz, L2 � 1,246 MHz

5. Galileo 24 MEO satellites in three planes Operational by 2008(10?) - GIOVE A test bed launched Dec 2005 Multiple RF carriers - L1 @ 1575.42MHz (same as GPS L1) 10 different signals and 4 different services

6. GPS Satellite Constellation

7. How GPS Works

8. Present GPS Signals Two RF carriers L1 @ 1575.42 MHz L2 @ 1227.60 MHz Two CDMA signals C/A code (Coarse/Acquisition) on L1 Short (1023 chips) 2 MHz Bandwidth Easy to track and acquire, can be spoofed P(Y) code (Precision) on L1 and L2 Non-repeating sequence @ 10.23MHz, 20 MHz Bandwidth hard to acquire directly without C/A code handover Encrypted military signal, accessed via timing on C/A Y-code = encrypted P-code. Nearly impossible to spoof �Selective Availability� permanently set to zero in May 2000 �highly accurate C/A signal freely available � 9/11 terrorists!

9. GPS Signals The GPS receives the SVs signals embedded in the noise floor

10. GPS as Military Enabler

11. Unintentional disruption from such causes as: signal blockage from buildings, terrain interference from communications equipment TV broadcasts Mobile Satellite Services Ultra Wide-Band systems military jamming/spoofing tests Deliberate Jamming

12. Jammer plans from Internet Example plans available from internet: A 2 MHz Narrowband jammer (more effective than simple CW) Could be built by any competent electronics tinkerer

13. The Jamming Problem

14. Hostile Jamming Deployment Tactics

15. Real World Environment Hostile Jamming: Jammers were used by Iraq in OIF Jammers are proliferating Criminal use Terrorists Denial Jamming: Availability of accurate civil GPS signal underscores the need to deny GPS to hostile elements

17. Initiating NAVWAR Activity: The NAVWAR MOU Australia, Canada, UK, US Project Arrangements: Electronic Protection Electronic Attack Electronic Support Test, Trials & Demonstrations Leverages R&D efforts of all nations Provides for cooperative development of NAVWAR technologies

18. Electronic Protection:Military Anti-jam Technologies There are many ways to improve GPS resistance to interference/jamming. Most are for military users, subject to export control and covered by ITAR (International Traffic in Arms Regulations): Receiver level Jammer-nulling/beam-forming antennas Receiver precision clocks Frequency excisers Direct Y-Code signal acquisition Tight INS coupling All digital receivers Signal in Space Level Increased signal power, spot Beams New signal structures (M-Code) Augmentation Network aiding, pseudolites

19. AJ Technologies � Antenna Techniques Spatial Filtering (Null pointing / Beam Steering)

20. AJ Technologies � Integration with Inertial Measurement Units

21. Modernized GPS - Signal Evolution

22. AJ improvement The goal of all these Anti Jam Technologies is to increase the �J/S�, or Jammer to Signal power ratio required to defeat a receiver. This forces the jammer to radiate much more power to have the same effect, or equivalently, allows the receiver to be able to operate much closer to the jammer before it is affected. Equally important, allows own force EA

24. National Vulnerability Trials Petawawa Jun 2004 � LAV III Northern Lights (NL) Series NL1 Petawawa Jan 2005 � LAV III, CF-18, Griffon NL2 Cold Lake Nov 2005 � CF-18 NL3 Sea Trial 2007 � Iro, Hfx class NL4 - TBD NATO Trial Spartan Hammer 2006 �Shadow Period� work with HMCS Iroquois Precursor to NL3 Sea Trial

25. Northern Lights 2

26. Vulnerability Assessments NAVWAR Operational Vulnerability Assessment (NOVA) National Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment

27. NAVWAR Operational Vulnerability Assessment (NOVA) NOVA Phase 1 Investigative contract completed NOVA Phase 2 Follow on contract for targeted, in-depth investigation planned in FY 07/08 Explore mitigation with users Emphasis on use of GPS for timing

29. Approach Partnership with PSEPC: Proposed at DM level Positive response received DND-funded contract � award early FY 07/08 OGD involvement: PSEPC as lead and coordinator

30. NATO Activities NC3B SC/8 Navigation/NAVWAR Ad Hoc WG � NAVWAR STANAG NATO MOU IV allows NATO nations to use military GPS NATO Trial Spartan Hammer Greece Nov 06 Canada sent EWCC Officer and monitor teams from CFEWC, jammer teams from DRDC First NATO activity featuring live GPS jamming Trial activity supported NAVWAR STANAG development, including Annex developed by Canada

33. NATO Trial Spartan Hammer Canada took part in GPS jamming and traditional EW activities GPS jammer team worked within coalition EA systems performed very well Superb opportunity to: demonstrate and observe effects of GPS jamming work with the wider EW community Follow-on Trial Imperial Hammer Sardinia Apr 08 (TBC) Likely CFEWC and DRDC activity � EA and ES

34. 14-nation RDT&E MOU Recently negotiated, signed by CFD last week Deals with GPS user equipment, not just NAVWAR Opportunity to influence US GPS Wing receiver equipment development Opportunities for cooperative development of user equipment with one or more of the other signatories First Project Arrangement � military receiver module with USB interface (TBC)

35. NAVWAR Implementation

36. Canada COM Requirement Robust, adequately protected civil infrastructure for initiation and conduct of domestic operations NAVWAR - protected systems/platforms/processes for operations

37. CEFCOM Requirement Initiation of Operations Robust, adequately protected civil infrastructure Deployed Operations NAVWAR - protected systems for use in theatre

38. Navy GPS Project GPS System Replacement on: Iroquois Class Halifax Class Replacement incorporates NAVWAR improvements

39. Replacement for PLGR Total ~ 8000 DAGR Handheld Individual soldier use Vehicle use AJ antenna option This is the Army GPS project. The old and new shown here are roughly to relative scale, with the older PLGR on the left. This project addresses the need for a more robust capability in a potential jamming environment. (Cost: approx $82M) *(It should be acknowledged that the Army project made possible some early Canadian NAVWAR work prior to estab of the NAVWAR office) This is the Army GPS project. The old and new shown here are roughly to relative scale, with the older PLGR on the left. This project addresses the need for a more robust capability in a potential jamming environment. (Cost: approx $82M) *(It should be acknowledged that the Army project made possible some early Canadian NAVWAR work prior to estab of the NAVWAR office)

40. Air Force GPS project Phase 1 Worldwide navigation Phase 2 NAVWAR capability Objective: Provide tactical fleets with a higher anti-jam capability. Upgrade receivers Most aircraft can be upgraded with a GPS receiver card replacement. Replace Fixed Radiation Pattern Antennas with Controlled Radiation Pattern Antennas (jammer nulling capability) Phase 3 Cat I Precision Approach GPS project will give CF fleets worldwide nav capab from en-route to non precision approach in ph 1. Capab to interoperate with allied mil forces & civil reqr in civ-ctlld airspace. For max survivability, tac a/c to get P(Y) code GPS eqpt, upgradable to future Mil GPS enhancements e.g. SAASM & M Code. Most tac a/c GPS to be integrated with INS for max a-j capability. CRPA being investigated to increase the anti-jam capab. Nulling and Beam forming antennas will be considered. Now all aircraft have FRPAs. CRPA specified for MPH. CF188 fleet: 80 CF 18 get Embedded GPS/INS(EGI) (Litton), a tightly coupled GPS/INS. CF funded mod to EGI sw to enable EGI to provide initialisation data to GPS guided weapon, permits fast P-Code acquisition for weapons that cannot track GPS signal while on the aircraft due to GPS antenna masking. Installation of CPRA being investigated to provide the max a-j capability. RAAF GAS1 integration design to be considered for project Ph 2. CP140Fleet: 18 Aurora aircraft to receive a dual EGI (Honeywell) installation as part of their Nav and Flight Instrument IMP (NFIMP). This will replace the present C/A code installation. Like the CF 18 the EGI, the CP 140 EGI is tightly coupled GPS/INS. Antenna upgrades and possibly GPS upgrades to SAASM (Selective Avail Anti-Spoofing) and/or M Code, if appropriate is being considered for Phase 2 of the project. The CC130�s present P-Code GPS, the Miniature Airborne GPS Receive (MAGR) installed as part of another project, is not an open architecture and not upgradeable. The MAGR is integrated with the aircraft�s dual INS in a loosely coupled manner. SPS � Standard Precision Service The project is considering an upgrade to the PPS antenna and a replacement of the MAGR with the MAGR 2k SAASM (open architecture, upgradeable) as part of Phase 2. The project recently completed the installation of a civil certified SPS GPS to meet civil GPS navigation requirements. CC150 (A310) Fleet: 5 A310 Airbus are receiving a C/A code GPS in a multi-mode receiver . Fleet to be IFR civil certified. Add�l PPS GPS and a-j ant being considered for Phase 2. CC/CT142 Fleet: 6 Dash 8 aircraft have received a civil certified SPS receiver. Installation complete. CH146 has same MAGR P(Y) code GPS as CC130 and reqr repl or add of civil cert GPS to provide a/c with GPS IFR nav capab. The project is considering the replacement of MAGR with MAGR 2k SAASM, can be accomplished with Phase 1 funding as MAGR 2k SAASM will also provide capab to meet civil standards for GPS IFR navigation in civil controlled airspace. An antenna upgrade and GPS module upgrade are being considered for Phase 2. MAGR 2k open architecture permits modular GPS upgrades. The Sea King will likely get a stand alone C/A code receiver, likely surplus Trimble 2101. Snow Bird fleet gets civil cert SPS GPS as part of a cockpit upgrade. The Air force is in the process of obtaining funds to procure 300 JDAM kits. These kits attach to existing bombs and provide a blended PPS GPS/INS guidance. JDAM GPS antenna masked by the aircraft wing prior to release. Due to the nature of the GPS key used by Canada and allies (GUV key), takes time to start tracking the P(Y) code and will likely miss the target first. The Complementary Navigation Message (CNM) that will be relayed from the EGI, permits the JDAM�s to start tracking the P(Y) code quickly after release. CNM will permit use of non-SAASM JDAM and or the GUV key. EGI sw mod funded by CF. (before next slide) I mentioned that while these these equipment projects are not part of NAVWAR as such. In fact, future GNSS or NAVWAR related capital capability-type projects will follow the same model � the GNSS/NAVWAR office will identify issues and potential risk mitigation measures to recommend to system, equipment or process owners for their follow-up and implementation.GPS project will give CF fleets worldwide nav capab from en-route to non precision approach in ph 1. Capab to interoperate with allied mil forces & civil reqr in civ-ctlld airspace. For max survivability, tac a/c to get P(Y) code GPS eqpt, upgradable to future Mil GPS enhancements e.g. SAASM & M Code. Most tac a/c GPS to be integrated with INS for max a-j capability. CRPA being investigated to increase the anti-jam capab. Nulling and Beam forming antennas will be considered. Now all aircraft have FRPAs. CRPA specified for MPH. CF188 fleet: 80 CF 18 get Embedded GPS/INS(EGI) (Litton), a tightly coupled GPS/INS. CF funded mod to EGI sw to enable EGI to provide initialisation data to GPS guided weapon, permits fast P-Code acquisition for weapons that cannot track GPS signal while on the aircraft due to GPS antenna masking. Installation of CPRA being investigated to provide the max a-j capability. RAAF GAS1 integration design to be considered for project Ph 2. CP140Fleet: 18 Aurora aircraft to receive a dual EGI (Honeywell) installation as part of their Nav and Flight Instrument IMP (NFIMP). This will replace the present C/A code installation. Like the CF 18 the EGI, the CP 140 EGI is tightly coupled GPS/INS. Antenna upgrades and possibly GPS upgrades to SAASM (Selective Avail Anti-Spoofing) and/or M Code, if appropriate is being considered for Phase 2 of the project. The CC130�s present P-Code GPS, the Miniature Airborne GPS Receive (MAGR) installed as part of another project, is not an open architecture and not upgradeable. The MAGR is integrated with the aircraft�s dual INS in a loosely coupled manner. SPS � Standard Precision Service The project is considering an upgrade to the PPS antenna and a replacement of the MAGR with the MAGR 2k SAASM (open architecture, upgradeable) as part of Phase 2. The project recently completed the installation of a civil certified SPS GPS to meet civil GPS navigation requirements. CC150 (A310) Fleet: 5 A310 Airbus are receiving a C/A code GPS in a multi-mode receiver . Fleet to be IFR civil certified. Add�l PPS GPS and a-j ant being considered for Phase 2. CC/CT142 Fleet: 6 Dash 8 aircraft have received a civil certified SPS receiver. Installation complete. CH146 has same MAGR P(Y) code GPS as CC130 and reqr repl or add of civil cert GPS to provide a/c with GPS IFR nav capab. The project is considering the replacement of MAGR with MAGR 2k SAASM, can be accomplished with Phase 1 funding as MAGR 2k SAASM will also provide capab to meet civil standards for GPS IFR navigation in civil controlled airspace. An antenna upgrade and GPS module upgrade are being considered for Phase 2. MAGR 2k open architecture permits modular GPS upgrades. The Sea King will likely get a stand alone C/A code receiver, likely surplus Trimble 2101. Snow Bird fleet gets civil cert SPS GPS as part of a cockpit upgrade. The Air force is in the process of obtaining funds to procure 300 JDAM kits. These kits attach to existing bombs and provide a blended PPS GPS/INS guidance. JDAM GPS antenna masked by the aircraft wing prior to release. Due to the nature of the GPS key used by Canada and allies (GUV key), takes time to start tracking the P(Y) code and will likely miss the target first. The Complementary Navigation Message (CNM) that will be relayed from the EGI, permits the JDAM�s to start tracking the P(Y) code quickly after release. CNM will permit use of non-SAASM JDAM and or the GUV key. EGI sw mod funded by CF. (before next slide) I mentioned that while these these equipment projects are not part of NAVWAR as such. In fact, future GNSS or NAVWAR related capital capability-type projects will follow the same model � the GNSS/NAVWAR office will identify issues and potential risk mitigation measures to recommend to system, equipment or process owners for their follow-up and implementation.

41. NAVWAR and GPS Timeline This is a notional timeline. The slide assumes there will be follow-on Army and Navy GPS projects to address further NAVWAR issues, but once again, the NAVWAR will not implement them. This is a notional timeline. The slide assumes there will be follow-on Army and Navy GPS projects to address further NAVWAR issues, but once again, the NAVWAR will not implement them.

43. NAVWAR is a large new EW area Many systems rely on GPS (some not obviously) Systems relying on civilian receivers are especially at risk Various levels of protection are available for military users Canada has a NAVWAR program including R&D, trials and assessments, plus a 4-eyes MOU, NATO activity/MOU and a 14-nation MOU Communication and governance via GNSS MCC Environmental Capital projects progressively implementing NAVWAR to meet Operational Command Requirements Summary