Dependency Syntax. An Introduction

1. Dependency Syntax. An Introduction Leonid Iomdin Institute for Information Transmission Problems,Russian Academy of Sciences iomdin@iitp.ru, iomdin@gmail.com

2. Program Overview: p. 1 • 1. Basic Principles of The Meaning-Text theory by Igor Mel’čuk. Language as a Universal Translator of Senses to Texts and Texts to Senses. Text analysis and text generation. The theory of integral linguistic description by Juri Apresjan. The grammar and the dictionary of language. • 2. Two syntactic levels of sentence representation: surface syntax and deep syntax. November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

3. Program Overview: p. 2 • 3. The dependency tree structure as a syntactic representation of the sentence. Dependency tree vs. Constituent tree: advantages and drawbacks of both types of representation. Limits of the dependency tree. The hypothesis of two syntactic starts. • 4. The notions of syntactic relation. Major classes of syntactic relations: actant, attributive, coordinative and auxiliary relation classes. • 5. The notion of syntactic feature. Syntactic features vs. Semantic features. November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

4. Program Overview: p. 3 • 6. Actants and valencies. Active, passive and distant valencies. The government pattern of a dictionary entry. An overview of actant syntactic relations. The predicative relation. The agentive relation. Completive relations. • 7. An overview of attributive syntactic relations. Grammatical Agreement. Numerals and Quantitative Constructions. The system of Quantification Syntax of Russian. • 8. Grammatical coordination as a type of grammatical subordination. An overview of coordinative syntactic relations. November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

5. Program Overview: p. 4 • 9. Auxiliary syntactic relations. Analytical grammatical forms as an object of syntax. • 10 Microsyntax of Language. Minor Type Sentences. Syntactic Idioms. • 11. Lexical Functions in the Dictionary and the Grammar. • 12. Syntactic description and syntactic rules. Dependency Syntax in NLP. Dependency Syntax in Machine Translation. Syntactically Tagged Corpus of Texts. November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

6. Selected Bibliography: p. 1 • Mel'čuk, I. A (1970). Towards a functioning model of language. In M. Bierwisch & K. E. Heidolph (Eds.), Progress in linguistics, 198 - 207. The Hague: Mouton. • Mel'čuk, I. A , & Pertsov, N. V. (1987). Surface syntax of English: A formal model within the Meaning-Text framework. Amsterdam: Benjamins. • Mel'čuk, I. A (1988). Dependency syntax: Theory and practice. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

7. Selected Bibliography: p. 2 • Dependency in Linguistic Description (2009). Edited by Alain Polguère and Igor A. Mel’čuk (eds.). University of Montreal. Studies in Language Companion Series 111. xxii, 281 pp. John Benjamins. • Jury D. Apresjan. Lexical Semantics. A Guide to Russian Vocabulary. Ann-Arbor, Karoma Publishers, 1992, 633 pp. November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

8. Selected Bibliography: p. 3 • Jury D. Apresjan, Igor M. Boguslavsky, Leonid L. Iomdin, Leonid L. Tsinman). Lexical Functions in Actual NLP-Applications // Selected Lexical and Grammatical Issues in the Meaning–Text Theory. In honour of Igor Mel'čuk. (Ed. by Leo Wanner). John Benjamins, Studies in Language Companion. Series 84. ISBN 978 90 272 3094 2. 2007. Р. 199-230. November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

9. Selected Bibliography: p. 4 • Leonid L. Iomdin. Russian Idioms Formed with Interrogative Pronouns and their Syntactic Properties // Meaning – Text Theory 2007. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Meaning – Text Theory. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach. Sonderband 69. ISSN 0258-6835. ISBN 978-3-87690-xxx-x. München – Wien, 2007. S. 179-189. November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

10. Selected Bibliography: p. 5 • Leonid L. Iomdin. A Few Lessons Learned from Rule-Based Machine Translation // Linguistics, Computer Science and Language Processing. Festschrift for Franz Guenthner on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday. Gaston Gross, Klaus S. Schulz (eds.) College Publications. ISBN-13: 978-1904987802. München, 2008. P. 145-160. November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

11. Meaning  Text Theory by Igor Mel'čuk Theoretical Background: November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

12. Two more authors: Alexander K. Zholkovsky, Jury D. Apresjan Theoretical Background: November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

13. The theory of integrated description of language by Jury Apresjan Theoretical Background: November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

14. A language is a universal translator of senses into texts and vice versa Main Thesis November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

15. language properMEANINGiTEXTjLANGUAGE Main Thesis November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

16. A natural language is viewed as a logical device which establishes the correspondence between the infinite set of all possible meanings and the infinite set of all possible texts, and vice versa Main Thesis November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

17. Perceivable Text vs.Unperceivable Meaning Important Opposition November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

18. Sense is a construct, an artificial representation in a specially designed semantic language Assumption November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

19. Meaning-Text Theory is only a fragment of the full model of human linguistic behavior:Reality  Meanings  Texts  Linguistic SoundsIII III Limitation November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

20. Direction of Conversion as Performed by the language • Text Analysis • Text Synthesis, or Text Generation According to Igor Mel’čuk, synthesis is of primary character November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

21. Stratificational Approach Linguistic Levels:phoneticmorphologicalsyntacticsemantic November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

22. Linguistic Disciplines Phonetics is the conversion of the text into a phonetic representation and vice versa November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

23. Linguistic Disciplines Morphology is the conversion of the phonetic representation into a morphological representation and vice versa November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

24. Linguistic Disciplines Syntax is the conversion of the morphological representation into a syntactic representation and vice versa November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

25. Linguistic Disciplines Semantics is the conversion of the syntactic representation into a semantic representation and vice versa November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

26. Linguistic Sublevels surface morphologicaldeep morphologicalsurface syntacticdeep syntactic November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

27. Linguistic Sublevels Semantics: surface semantic (Apresjan 1980) deep semantic November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

28. The Grammar and the Dictionary An integrated description of language according to Jury Apresjan: an ideal match between the dictionary and the grammar November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

29. Semantic Representation (SemR) of an Utterance in the Meaning  Text Model • The Food and Drug Administration has seriously cautioned expectant mothers to avoid one of life’s simple pleasures: a cup of coffee is synonymous with • Pregnant women have been strongly warned by the FDA against drinking coffee, one of the small pleasures of life November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

30. Semantic Representation (SemR) of an Utterance in the Meaning  Text Model Mel'čuk, I. A , & Pertsov, N. V. (1987). November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

31. Deep Syntactic Representation (DSyntR) of a Sentence Mel'čuk, I. A , & Pertsov, N. V. (1987). November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

32. Surface Syntactic Representation (SSyntR) of a Sentence Mel'čuk, I. A , & Pertsov, N. V. (1987). November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

33. Surface Syntactic Representation (SSyntR) of a Sentence in ETAP-3 Mel'čuk, I. A , & Pertsov, N. V. (1987). November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

34. Surface Syntax • is the main linguistic discipline to which this course is devoted: conversion between deep morphological representation and surface syntactic representation November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

35. Meaning Text Theory and Computer Applications. Machine Translation Natural Dialogue vs. Translation November 20, 2009. Lecture 1

36. Next lecture • Classes of Syntactic Relations. Actantial Syntactic Relations November 20, 2009. Lecture 1