1. Extreme Light InfrastructureELI Autumn 2008 NuPECC Glasgow 3-4/10/2008 Gérard A. MOUROU Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée – LOA ENSTA – Ecole Polytechnique – CNRS PALAISEAU, France gerard.mourou@ensta.fr

2. The different Epochs of Laser Physics 2010 ELI Nonlinear QED and Epoch 1990 RelativisticEpoch 1960 Coulombic Epoch

3. “Optics Horizon” This field does not seem to have natural limits, only horizon.

4. Why should we build an Extreme Light Infrastructure?

5. Science(1 july 2005)“100 questions spanning the science…” • 1) Is ours the only universe? • 2) What drove cosmic inflation? • 3) When and how did the first stars and galaxies form? • 4) Where do ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays come from? • 5) What powers quasars? • 6) What is the nature of black holes? • 7) Why is there more matter than antimatter? • 8) Does the proton decay? • 9)What is the nature of gravity? • 10) Why is time different from other dimensions? • 11) Are there smaller building blocks than quarks? • 12) Are neutrinos their own antiparticles? • 13) Is there a unified theory explaining all correlated electron systems? • 14) What is the most powerful laser researchers can build? Theorists say an intense enough laser field would rip photons into electron-positron pairs, dousing the beam. But no one knows whether it's possible to reach that point. • 15) Can researchers make a perfect optical lens? • 16) Is it possible to create magnetic semiconductors that work at room temperature?

6. Contents ELI’s Bricks • The Peak Power-Pulse Duration conjecture • Relativistic Rectification(wake-field) the key to High energy electron beam • Generation of Coherent x and -ray, by Coherent Thomson, radiation reaction, X-Ray laser, … • Source of attosecond photon and electron pulses ELI’s Science: Study of the structure of matter from atoms to vacuum

7. Peak Power -Pulse Duration Conjecture • To get high peak power you must decrease the pulse duration. • To get short pulses you must increase the intensity

8. Laser Pulse Duration vs. Intensity Q-Switch, Dye I=kW/cm2 Modelocking, Dye I=MW/cm2 Mode-Locking KLM I=GW/cm2 MPI I>1013W/cm2 Relativistic and Ultra R Atto, zepto….?

9. optimal ratio: a0/n0=2, or exponential gradientdue to wcr=w0a-1/2 Duration, t (as) 2D: a=3, 200as tas)=600/a0 l=1019W/cm2 (3 laser) 1D PIC simulations in boosted frame I=1022W/cm2 (Hercules) Scalable Isolated Attosecond Pulses n0= n/ncr Amplitude, a

10. Relativistic Compression Relativistic Ultra Relativistic EQ=mpc2 NL Optics Ultra-relativistic intensity is defined with respect to the proton EQ=mpc2, intensity~1024W/cm2

11. The ELI’s Scientific Goal: from the atom to the Vacuum Structure The advent of ultra-intense laser light pulses (ELI) reaching within a decade towards a critical field strength will allow us to probe the Vacuum in a new way, and at a new "macroscopic" scale.

12. Relativistic Optics

13. Relativistic Optics b) Relativistic optics v~c a)Classical optics v<<c, a0>>1, a0<<a02 a0<<1, a0>>a02 x~ao z~ao2

14. Relativistic Rectification(Wake-Field Tajima, Dawson) + - • pushes the electrons. • The charge separation generates an electrostatic longitudinal field. (Tajima and Dawson: Wake Fields or Snow Plough) • The electrostatic field

15. Relativistic Rectification -Ultrahigh Intensity Laser is associated with Extremely large E field. Laser Intensity Medium Impedance

16. Laser Acceleration: At 1023W/cm2 , E= 0.6PV/m, it is SLAC (50GeV, 3km long) on 10m The size of the Fermi accelerator will only be one meter (PeV accelerator that will go around the globe, based on conventional technology). Relativistic Microelectronics

18. fs

19. e-beam The Dream Beam J. Faure et al., C. Geddes et al., S. Mangles et al. , in Nature 30 septembre 2004

20. injection pump Zinj=225 μm Zinj=125 μm late injection Zinj=25 μm injection pump Zinj=-75 μm Zinj=-175 μm middle injection Zinj=-275 μm injection pump Zinj=-375 μm early injection Tunable monoenergetic bunches V. Malka and J. Faure

21. Front and back acceleration mechanisms Peak energy scales as : EM~ (IL×)1/2

22. The Ultra relativistic:Relativistic Ions Non relativistic ions Photons Ep ~ I1/2 C Vp ~0 Relativistic ions >1024 Photons Vp ~C Ep ~ I C

23. High Energy Radiation Radiation • Betatron oscillation • Radiation reaction • X-ray laser

24. Transverse oscillation: Betatron oscillation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The structure of the ion cavity Longitudinal acceleration Ex + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

25. Radiation Reaction: Compton-Thomson Cooling c N. Naumova, I, Sokolov c Charge separation. E-field Creation E c b)e- move backwards, scattered on the incoming field, cooling the e-  E

26. Attosecond Generationfrom Overdense plasma

27. Relativistic Self-focusing: A.G.Litvak (1969), C.Max, J.Arons, A.B.Langdon (1974) (a) Refraction (b) ? Reflection

28. 2-D PIC simulation      

29. 2-D PIC simulation

30. optimal ratio: a0/n0=2, or exponential gradientdue to wcr=w0a-1/2 Duration, t (as) 2D: a=3, 200as tas)=600/a0 l=1019W/cm2 (3 laser) 1D PIC simulations in boosted frame I=1022W/cm2 (Hercules) Scalable Isolated Attosecond Pulses n0= n/ncr Amplitude, a

31. Relativistic Compression Relativistic Ultra Relativistic EQ=mpc2 NL Optics Ultra-relativistic intensity is defined with respect to the proton EQ=mpc2, intensity~1024W/cm2

32. Attosecond Generation(electron)

33. Attosecond Electron Bunches a0=10, t=15fs, f/1, n0=25ncr Attosecond pulse train 25÷30 MeV Attosecond bunch train N. Naumova, I. Sokolov, J. Nees, A. Maksimchuk, V. Yanovsky, and G. Mourou, Attosecond Electron Bunches, Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 195003 (2004).

34. Coherent Thomson Scattering a0=10, t=15fs, f/1, n0=25ncr h Attosecond pulse train h 25÷30 MeV Attosecond bunch train N. Naumova, I. Sokolov, J. Nees, A. Maksimchuk, V. Yanovsky, and G. Mourou, Attosecond Electron Bunches, Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 195003 (2004).

35. ELI: A Unique Infrastructure that offers simultaneously • Ultra high Intensity ~1026W/cm2 • High Energy particles ~100GeV • High Fluxes of X and  rays • With femtosecond time structures • Highly synchronized (We could possibly get beams equivalent to 1036 W/cm2)

36. Nuclear Physics

37. Nuclear Physics • Exploring the Structure of the Nucleon; Ralph Kaiser • Gamma ray Spectroscopy Study of Exotic Nuclei; Mike Bentley • Relativistic Heavy ions; Peter Jones

38. Possibilité de fission nucléaire par impulsion laser Fission d’uranium 238 : réacteurs sous critiques?T. Cowan et al. LLNL 1999, Phys. News, USA (238U)In experiments conducted recently at Lawrence Livemore National Lab, an intense laser beam (from the Petawatt laser, the most powerful in the world) strikes a gold foil (backed with a layer of lead). This results in (1) the highest energy electrons (up to 100 MeV) ever to emerge from a laser-solid interaction, (2) the first laser-induced fission, and (3) the first creation of antimatter (positrons) using lasers. (Tom Cowan LLNL 1999) 238U = matière fertile0,7% 238U dans U naturel Bilan énergétique? :Fission d’uranium 238 = 200MeVSection efficace?Rendement?

44. laser énergie J durée fs puissance TW Intensité W/cm2 # tirs # fissions Nd:verre Vulcan 75 1 000 100 1019 2/h 103/s Ti:Saphire Jena loa 0,5 80 15 1020 10/s 104/s Transmutation des déchets : fission par impulsion laser • Transmutation de l’iode 129 (fission) • * K. Ledingham et al. J. Phys. D : Appl. Phys. 36, L79 (2003), UK • JRC Karlsruhe, Univ. Jena, Univ. Strathclyde, Imperial College, Rutherford Appleton Lab. • Laser : 1020W/cm2 champ élect. 1011V/cm  champ mag. 105T • Impulsion : plasma  électrons 1,6 . 1024m/s2 : e- <100MeV •  gamma par freinage dans Pb ou Ta <10MeV  fission : 129I (15,7 . 106ans) 128I (25mn)

45. Introduction TRANSMUTATION

46. High-resolution g-Spectroscopy in hyperdeformed actinide nuclei • Motivation: • explore the multiple-humped potential energy landscape • of hyperdeformed heavy actinide nuclei with unprecedented resolution Experimental approach: • photofission (g,f) using brilliant photon beams of ~3-10 MeV • individually resolve resonances in prompt fission cross section • laser-generated high-energy photon flux exceeds conventional facilities by ~ 104-108 Example: 238U(g,f): hyperdeformed 3rd potential minimum has not yet been studied at all

47. Nuclear transitions and parity-violating meson-nucleon coupling Motivation: • study mirror asymmetries in the nuclear resonance fluorescence process (NRF): • parity non-conservation as indication of fundamental • role of exchange processes of weakly interacting • bosons in nucleon-nucleon interaction Experimental approach: • use ultra-brilliant, (circular) polarized, • monochromatic g ray beams (typ.: 102-103 keV) • switch polarization  measure NRF g asymmetry Example: 19F (parity doublet: DE=109.9 keV)

48. Nonlinear QED

49. Relativistic Compression Relativistic Ultra Relativistic EQ=mpc2 NL Optics Ultra-relativistic intensity is defined with respect to the proton EQ=mpc2, intensity~1024W/cm2

50. Laser-induced Nonlinear QED G. Mourou, S. Bulanov, T. Tajima Review of Modern Physics (2006) e- GeV electrons 1023W/cm2 e+ You can enhance the laser field by the electron factor. 1023W/cm2