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Understanding Cell Biology and Human Anatomy: A Comprehensive Guide

This guide explores fundamental concepts in cell biology and human anatomy, emphasizing the scientific method's steps: defining problems, forming hypotheses, testing, observing, and concluding. It covers essential topics such as cell types (red blood cells, plant cells, bacteria), the cell theory, functions of cells, tissues, organ systems, and more. Key physiological processes like respiration, enzyme action, and DNA vs. RNA are also discussed. Perfect for students and those interested in life sciences, this resource provides a structured approach to understanding the complexities of life.

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Understanding Cell Biology and Human Anatomy: A Comprehensive Guide

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  1. ADULT ED LIFE SCIENCE

  2. Safety contract • Scientific method • Human body: anatomy & physiology • Cell

  3. Scientific Method A logical orderly way to solve a problem Steps Define problem Research Form Hypothesis Test Hypothesis (Experiment) Observe and collect data Form Conclusion Report findings

  4. Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

  5. Composite Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

  6. RED BLOOD CELLS web.jjay.cuny.edu

  7. PLANT CELL web.jjay.cuny.edu

  8. PLANT CELL web.jjay.cuny.edu

  9. BACTERIA CELL web.jjay.cuny.edu

  10. PROTISTA web.jjay.cuny.edu

  11. Microscope http://www.microscope-microscope.org/basic/microscope-parts.htm

  12. Cell Theory • All living things are composed of at least one cell • Cells are the basic unit of anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) • Cells come only from pre-existing cells • Exceptions:

  13. Cell types • Cell processes • Mitosis • Tissue types

  14. Transportation • Diffusion • MOLECULES MOVE FROM A HIGH TO A LOW CONCENTRATION; NO ENERGY USED • Osmosis • DIFFUSION OF WATER • Active transport • USES ENERGY

  15. Mitosis • Cell division http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/mitosis1.html

  16. Respiration Occurs in mitochondria: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

  17. ENZYMES • PROTEINS: RIBOSOMES • ALLOW REACTIONS TO TAKE PLACE AT BODY TEMPERATURE • CATALYSTS: ALLOW REACTION TO TAKE PLACE BUT AREN’T CHANGED: CAN BE USED OVER • LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL: ONE ENZYME PER SUBSTRATE • AFFECTED BY: TEMPERATURE; AMOUNT OF SUBSTRATE; AMOUNT OF ENZYME; pH;

  18. CHROMOSOMES • DNA- MAKES UP CHROMOSOMES; CARRIES GENES • GENES= CODE FOR THE DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS AND PROTEINS • DNA BASES: • A-T • G-C • mRNA CARRIES CODE TO MAKE THE PROTEIN AT THE RIBOSOMES

  19. DNA VS RNA • DNA: DOUBLE STRAND; HELIX; A-T; G-C; VERY LONG; STAYS IN NUCLEUS; RNA: SINGLE STRAND; U REPLACES T; LEAVES NUCLEUS; 3 TYPES: mRNA; tRNA; rRNA;

  20. DNA REPLICATION MAKES NEW DNA OCCURS JUST BEFORE MITOSIS

  21. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • COPIES DNA CODE ONTO mRNA • mRNA TRAVELS TO RIBOSOME • tRNA CARRIES AMINO ACIDS • rRNA HELPS tRNA AND mRNA • PROTEINS ASSEMBLED • RNA HAS U INSTEAD OF T (A-U) • mRNA CODON AND COMBIINES WITH ANTICODON OF tRNA

  22. CELL PROCESSES • Nutrition= for energy and building blocks • Digestion= breakdown food to smaller nutrients for diffusion • Absorption= pick up nutrients into body • Biosynthesis= organize own matter, organic substances • Respiration= energy release • Excretion= waste removal • Secretion= release of good molecules • Response= react to stimuli • Reproduction= produce new ‘like’ cells

  23. Anatomy & Physiology • Anatomy: • The study of the structures of the body • Physiology: • The study of the functions of the parts of the body

  24. ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS • CELL(S) • TISSUE • ORGAN • ORGAN SYSTEM • ORGANISM

  25. CELL • BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

  26. TISSUE • A GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS ALL DOING THE SAME JOB

  27. TISSUES • EPITHELIAL • CONNECTIVE • MUSCLE • NERVOUS

  28. EPITHELIAL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium

  29. CONNECTIVE TISSUE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue

  30. MUSCLE TISSUE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tissue

  31. NERVOUS TISSUE http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa020101a.htm

  32. ORGAN • A GROUP OF DIFFERENT TISSUES ALL DOING THE SAME JOB

  33. ORGAN SYSTEMS • A GROUP OF TISSUES AND ORGANS WORKING TOGETHER

  34. ORGANISM • WHOLE LIVING THING

  35. SYSTEMS • INTEGUMENTARY • MUSCULAR • SKELETAL • RESPIRATORY • DIGESTIVE • ENDOCRINE • CARDIOVASCULAR • NERVOUS • IMMUNE • EXCRETORY • REPRODUCTIVE

  36. Body Planes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Planes

  37. Body Cavities Dorsal cavity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_cavities

  38. Skeletal System • Functions: • Support/Shape • Muscle attachment: movement • Protection • Store minerals • Calcium

  39. http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel04.html

  40. Joints • Synarthrosis- immoveable • Amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable • Diarthrosis- freely moveable

  41. Synovial Joints: Freely moveable • Hinge: http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

  42. Saddle http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

  43. Pivot http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/joints.htm

  44. Ball and Socket http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

  45. Gliding http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

  46. Joints http://library.thinkquest.org/J0111100/graphics/joints.html

  47. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joints/ball_and_socket_joint.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joints/ball_and_socket_joint.shtml

  48. Muscular System • Types: • Cardiac • Smooth • Skeletal

  49. Cardiac • Found in heart • Striated • 3D • Can contract on own • Involuntary

  50. Smooth • Nonstriated • Involuntary • Found in hollow organs

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