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Chapter 13

Chapter 13. Game Theory and Competitive Strategy. Topics to be Discussed. Gaming and Strategic Decisions Dominant Strategies The Nash Equilibrium Revisited Repeated Games. Topics to be Discussed. Sequential Games Threats, Commitments, and Credibility Entry Deterrence Bargaining Strategy

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Chapter 13

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  1. Chapter 13 Game Theory and Competitive Strategy

  2. Topics to be Discussed • Gaming and Strategic Decisions • Dominant Strategies • The Nash Equilibrium Revisited • Repeated Games Chapter 13

  3. Topics to be Discussed • Sequential Games • Threats, Commitments, and Credibility • Entry Deterrence • Bargaining Strategy • Auctions Chapter 13

  4. Gaming and Strategic Decisions • “If I believe that my competitors are rational and act to maximize their own profits, how should I take their behavior into account when making my own profit-maximizing decisions?” Chapter 13

  5. Gaming and Strategic Decisions • Noncooperative versus Cooperative Games • Cooperative Game • Players negotiate binding contracts that allow them to plan joint strategies • Example: Buyer and seller negotiating the price of a good or service or a joint venture by two firms (i.e. Microsoft and Apple) • Binding contracts are possible Chapter 13

  6. Gaming and Strategic Decisions • Noncooperative versus Cooperative Games • Noncooperative Game • Negotiation and enforcement of a binding contract are not possible • Example: Two competing firms assuming the others behavior determine, independently, pricing and advertising strategy to gain market share • Binding contracts are not possible Chapter 13

  7. Gaming and Strategic Decisions • Noncooperative versus Cooperative Games • “The strategy design is based on understanding your opponent’s point of view, and (assuming you opponent is rational) deducing how he or she is likely to respond to your actions” Chapter 13

  8. Gaming and Strategic Decisions • An Example: How to buy a dollar bill 1) Auction a dollar bill 2) Highest bidder receives the dollar in return for the amount bid Chapter 13

  9. Gaming and Strategic Decisions • An Example 3) Second highest bidder must pay the amount he or she bid 4) How much would you bid for a dollar? Chapter 13

  10. Acquiring a Company • Scenario • Company A: The Acquirer • Company T: The Target • A will offer cash for all of T’s shares • What price to offer? Chapter 13

  11. Acquiring a Company • Scenario • The value of T depends on the outcome of a current oil exploration project. • Failure: T’s value = $0 • Success: T’s value = $100/share • All outcomes are equally likely Chapter 13

  12. Acquiring a Company • Scenario • T’s value will be 50% greater with A’s management. • A, must submit the proposal before the exploration outcome is known. • T will not choose to accept or reject until after the outcome is known only to T. • How much should A offer? Chapter 13

  13. Dominant Strategies • Dominant Strategy • One that is optimal no matter what an opponent does. • An Example • A & B sell competing products • They are deciding whether to undertake advertising campaigns Chapter 13

  14. 10, 5 15, 0 6, 8 10, 2 Payoff Matrix for Advertising Game Firm B Don’t Advertise Advertise Advertise Firm A Don’t Advertise Chapter 13

  15. Observations A: regardless of B, advertising is the best B: regardless of A, advertising is best Firm B Don’t Advertise Advertise Advertise 10, 5 15, 0 Firm A Don’t Advertise 6, 8 10, 2 Payoff Matrix for Advertising Game Chapter 13

  16. Observations Dominant strategy for A & B is to advertise Do not worry about the other player Equilibrium in dominant strategy Firm B Don’t Advertise Advertise Advertise 10, 5 15, 0 Firm A Don’t Advertise 6, 8 10, 2 Payoff Matrix for Advertising Game Chapter 13

  17. Dominant Strategies • Game Without Dominant Strategy • The optimal decision of a player without a dominant strategy will depend on what the other player does. Chapter 13

  18. 10, 5 15, 0 6, 8 20, 2 Modified Advertising Game Firm B Don’t Advertise Advertise Advertise Firm A Don’t Advertise Chapter 13

  19. Observations A: No dominant strategy; depends on B’s actions B: Advertise Question What should A do? (Hint: consider B’s decision Firm B Don’t Advertise Advertise Advertise 10, 5 15, 0 Firm A Don’t Advertise 6, 8 20, 2 Modified Advertising Game Chapter 13

  20. The Nash Equilibrium Revisited • Dominant Strategies • “I’m doing the best I can no matter what you do.” • “You’re doing the best you can no matter what I do.” Chapter 13

  21. The Nash Equilibrium Revisited • Nash Equilibrium • “I’m doing the best I can given what you are doing” • “You’re doing the best you can given what I am doing.” Chapter 13

  22. The Nash Equilibrium Revisited Product Choice Problem • Examples With A Nash Equilibrium • Two cereal companies • Market for one producer of crispy cereal • Market for one producer of sweet cereal • Each firm only has the resources to introduce one cereal • Noncooperative Chapter 13

  23. -5, -5 10, 10 10, 10 -5, -5 Product Choice Problem Firm 2 Crispy Sweet Crispy Firm 1 Sweet Chapter 13

  24. Question Is there a Nash equilibrium? If not, why? If so, how can it be reached Firm 2 Crispy Sweet Crispy -5, -5 10, 10 Firm 1 10, 10 -5, -5 Sweet Product Choice Problem Chapter 13

  25. Beach Location Game • Scenario • Two competitors, Y and C, selling soft drinks • Beach 200 yards long • Sunbathers are spread evenly along the beach • Price Y = Price C • Customer will buy from the closest vendor Chapter 13

  26. Ocean C 0 B Beach A 200 yards Beach Location Game Where will the competitors locate (i.e. where is the Nash equilibrium)? Chapter 13

  27. Ocean C 0 B Beach A 200 yards Beach Location Game 2) Examples of this decision problem include: • Locating a gas station • Presidential elections Chapter 13

  28. The Nash Equilibrium Revisited • Maximin Strategies • Scenario • Two firms compete selling file-encryption software • They both use the same encryption standard (files encrypted by one software can be read by the other - advantage to consumers) Chapter 13

  29. The Nash Equilibrium Revisited • Maximin Strategies • Scenario • Firm 1 has a much larger market share than Firm 2 • Both are considering investing in a new encryption standard Chapter 13

  30. 0, 0 -10, 10 -100, 0 20, 10 Maximin Strategy Firm 2 Don’t invest Invest Don’t invest Firm 1 Invest Chapter 13

  31. Observations Dominant strategy Firm 2: Invest Nash equilibrium Firm 1: invest Firm 2: Invest Firm 2 Don’t invest Invest Don’t invest 0, 0 -10, 10 Firm 1 -100, 0 20, 10 Invest Maximin Strategy Chapter 13

  32. Observations If Firm 2 does not invest, Firm 1 incurs significant losses Firm 1 might play don’t invest Minimize losses to 10 --maximin strategy Firm 2 Don’t invest Invest Don’t invest 0, 0 -10, 10 Firm 1 -100, 0 20, 10 Invest Maximin Strategy Chapter 13

  33. The Nash Equilibrium Revisited Maximin Strategy • If both are rational and informed • Both firms invest • Nash equilibrium Chapter 13

  34. The Nash Equilibrium Revisited Maximin Strategy • Consider • If Player 2 is not rational or completely informed • Firm 1’s maximin strategy is to not invest • Firm2’s maximin strategy is to invest. • If 1 knows 2 is using a maximin strategy, 1 would invest Chapter 13

  35. -5, -5 -1, -10 -10, -1 -2, -2 Prisoners’ Dilemma Prisoner B Confess Don’t Confess Confess Prisoner A Don’t Confess Chapter 13

  36. What is the: Dominant strategy Nash equilibrium Maximin solution Prisoner B Confess Don’t Confess Confess -5, -5 -1, -10 Prisoner A Don’t Confess -10, -1 -2, -2 Prisoners’ Dilemma Chapter 13

  37. The Nash Equilibrium Revisited Mixed Strategy • Pure Strategy • Player makes a specific choice • Mixed Strategy • Player makes a random choice among two or more possible actions based on a set of chosen probabilities Chapter 13

  38. 1, -1 -1, 1 -1, 1 1, -1 Matching Pennies Player B Heads Tails Heads Player A Tails Chapter 13

  39. Observations Pure strategy: No Nash equilibrium Mixed strategy: Random choice is a Nash equilibrium Would a firm set price based on random choice assumption? Player B Heads Tails Heads 1, -1 -1, 1 Player A Tails -1, 1 1, -1 Matching Pennies Chapter 13

  40. 2,1 0,0 0,0 1,2 The Battle of the Sexes Joan Wrestling Opera Wrestling Jim Opera Chapter 13

  41. Pure Strategy Both watch wrestling Both watch opera Mixed Strategy Jim chooses wrestling Joan chooses wrestling Joan Wrestling Opera 2,1 0,0 Wrestling Jim 0,0 1,2 Opera The Battle of the Sexes Chapter 13

  42. Repeated Games • Oligopolistic firms play a repeated game. • With each repetition of the Prisoners’ Dilemma, firms can develop reputations about their behavior and study the behavior of their competitors. Chapter 13

  43. 10, 10 100, -50 -50, 100 50, 50 Pricing Problem Firm 2 Low Price High Price Low Price Firm 1 High Price Chapter 13

  44. Non-repeated game Strategy is Low1, Low2 Repeated game Tit-for-tat strategy is the most profitable Firm 2 Low Price High Price Low Price 10, 10 100, -50 Firm 1 High Price -50, 100 50, 50 Pricing Problem Chapter 13

  45. Repeated Games • Conclusion: • With repeated game • The Prisoners’ Dilemma can have a cooperative outcome with tit-for-tat strategy Chapter 13

  46. Repeated Games • Conclusion: • This is most likely to occur in a market with: • Few firms • Stable demand • Stable cost Chapter 13

  47. Repeated Games • Conclusion • Cooperation is difficult at best since these factors may change in the long-run. Chapter 13

  48. Oligopolistic Cooperationin the Water Meter Industry • Characteristics of the Market • Four Producers • Rockwell International (35%), Badger Meter, Neptune Water Meter Company, and Hersey Products (Badger, Neptune, and Hersey combined have about a 50 to 55% share) Chapter 13

  49. Oligopolistic Cooperationin the Water Meter Industry • Characteristics of the Market • Very inelastic demand • Not a significant part of the budget Chapter 13

  50. Oligopolistic Cooperationin the Water Meter Industry • Characteristics of the Market • Stable demand • Long standing relationship between consumer and producer • Barrier • Economies of scale • Barrier Chapter 13

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