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Galileo, Tycho, and Kepler

Galileo, Tycho, and Kepler. Galileo’s Experiments (1564-1642). Galileo tried something new – doing experiments! Dropping balls to measure gravity Rolling balls to examine inertia Observing the sky through a telescope. What Galileo Saw. An imperfect Sun (sunspots). What Galileo Saw.

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Galileo, Tycho, and Kepler

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  1. Galileo, Tycho, and Kepler

  2. Galileo’s Experiments (1564-1642) Galileo tried something new – doing experiments! • Dropping balls to measure gravity • Rolling balls to examine inertia • Observing the sky through a telescope

  3. What Galileo Saw • An imperfect Sun (sunspots)

  4. What Galileo Saw • An imperfect Sun (sunspots) • A Moon with mountains and craters

  5. What Galileo Saw • An imperfect Sun (sunspots) • A Moon with mountains and craters • The “ears of Saturn”

  6. What Galileo Saw • An imperfect Sun (sunspots) • A Moon with mountains and craters • The “ears of Saturn” • Four moons orbiting Jupiter

  7. What Galileo Saw • An imperfect Sun (sunspots) • A Moon with mountains and craters • The “ears of Saturn” • Four moons orbiting Jupiter • The phases of Venus

  8. Tycho Brahe Measurements Tycho Brahe (without a telescope) made extremely accurate measurements of the positions of the stars and planets over the course of 20 years.

  9. Tycho Brahe’s Model • Earth at the center of the “Universe” (because parallax is not seen) • The Sun travels about the Earth in a perfect circle • The planets move around the Sun in perfect circles

  10. Kepler’s Analysis By working for Tycho Brahe (and then stealing the data after Tycho’s death), Johannes Kepler had access to the most precise data on planetary positions in history. He fit the data in every way imaginable.

  11. Kepler’s Laws First define the distance from the earth to the Sun to be 1 Astronomical Unit (1 A.U.) Kepler’s Laws • Planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus

  12. Kepler’s Laws First define the distance from the earth to the Sun to be 1 Astronomical Unit (1 A.U.) Kepler’s Laws • Planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus • Planets in their orbits sweep out equal areas in equal times

  13. Kepler’s Laws First define the distance from the earth to the Sun to be 1 Astronomical Unit (1 A.U.) Kepler’s Laws • Planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus • Planets in their orbits sweep out equal areas in equal times • The period, P, of an orbit (in years) squared is equal to a, the semi-major axis of the orbit (in A.U.) cubed. In terms of mathematics,P2 = a3 These laws are empirical – Kepler knew no reason for them

  14. Kepler’s Laws

  15. Summary • Galileo: Father of experimental science • Tests of inertia and acceleration • Observed the sky with a telescope: heavens not perfect • Tycho Brahe • Recorded very precise positions of the planets with naked eye • Wanted Kepler to fit his data with a modified geocentric model • Kepler • Discovered 3 mathematical laws that could fully describe the motions of the planets (but without any physical basis)

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