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Education: A Nation at Risk to No Child Left Behind (2001)

Education: A Nation at Risk to No Child Left Behind (2001). EPS 201. Historical Context: 1980-2000. “Conservative” in nature, with explicit economic themes Political/social backlash against liberal funding in education (hence accountability)

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Education: A Nation at Risk to No Child Left Behind (2001)

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  1. Education: A Nation at Risk to No Child Left Behind (2001) EPS 201

  2. Historical Context: 1980-2000 • “Conservative” in nature, with explicit economic themes • Political/social backlash against liberal funding in education (hence accountability) • School choice, tuition tax cuts, school prayer, moral education • Urban presents a Reagan - Bush - Clinton continuum

  3. A Nation at Risk (1983) • The “crisis” is defined in economic terms; America seems to be falling behind “The world is indeed one global village. We live among determined, well-educated, and strongly motivated competitors” (p. 2) • the root of this problem and its solution lie in education. “… we must dedicate ourselves to the reform of our educational system for the benefit of all… Learning is the indispensable investment required for success in the ‘information age’ we are entering” (p. 2) • As seen during the Progressive Era and the Cold War (Sputnik), education was to blame, yet looked to to solve larger structural problems

  4. A Nation at Risk (1983) • Mentions vocational education, “These deficiencies come at a time when the demand for highly skilled workers in new fields is accelerating rapidly” • Framed in highly charged rhetoric (sense of urgency) • Represents a “back to the basics,” Essentialist approach • Education used as a politically exploitive tool -- federal government becomes involved in education at an unprecedented level (shift from a Democratic to a Republican issue)

  5. Standards in Education • “We should expect schools to have genuinely high standards rather than minimum ones”… “Excellence characterizes a school that sets high expectations and goals for all learners” (Nation, p. 5) • America 2000: George Bush I and nation’s governors set six national goals for education (Urban, p. 362) • Goals 2000: Clinton, in a political deadlock, adds two goals to Bush’s “America 2000”

  6. No Child Left Behind Act (2001) • Re-authorization of Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1964. Part of LBJ’s Great Society • “Accountability” and expectations • Continuation of Goals and America 2000 • Standardized Testing: annual testing in math and reading in grades 3-8; disaggregate test reporting • Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP), all students expected to reach a “proficient” level of skill mastery by 2013 • schools labeled as failing if they do not meet AYP • Increased federal funding, but state flexibility • School choice

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