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Operational Requirements for HEAT: Analyzing Urban Thunderstorms and Atmospheric Chemistry

The HEAT Operational Requirements focus on the scientific investigation of lightning, cloud microphysics, and the urban heat island effect in relation to thunderstorms, particularly in Houston and non-urban settings. Key objectives include analyzing thunderstorm electric field profiles, mixed-phase microphysics, and pollution impacts during initial storm stages. Additionally, the study examines urban influences on storm dynamics and atmospheric chemistry, emphasizing the modification of sea breezes and their interaction with urban environments.

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Operational Requirements for HEAT: Analyzing Urban Thunderstorms and Atmospheric Chemistry

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  1. HEAT Operational Requirements

  2. HEAT Operational Requirements – driven by science objectives • Lightning (L) • L1: Thunderstorm electric field profiles over Houston and over non-urban environments • L2: Lightning Flashes • Cloud microphysics (M) • M1: Mixed-phase microphysics • M2: Cloud droplet spectra • M3: Precipitation drop size distributions • M4: Pollution effects in the early-storm stages • Urban Heat Island Thermodynamics (U) • U1: Urban heat island thermodynamics • U2: Urban wind modification • U3: Urban updraft enhancement • U4: Urban effects on convective storm mergers and lightning production

  3. The Effect of the Complex Coastline • C1: Sea breeze modification: low-level convergence field associated with a complex coastline and its effects on convective initiation • C2: Sea breeze interaction with the urban heat island • C3: Intensity of sea breeze convection • Effects of Urban Influenced Thunderstorms on Atmospheric Chemistry • A1: NOx production by lightning • A2: Transport and fate of pollutants in thunderstorms • A3: Effect of urban thunderstorms on upper tropospheric chemistry

  4. University of Wyoming King Air • Aircraft and state parameters • Cloud microphysical/particle sensors • Boundary Layer Eddy Fluxes • Radiation Sensors • Trace gas chemistry: NOx,O3,SO2,HO • Aerosol properties: CCN,CN • Wyoming Cloud Radar (95 GHz,Doppler)

  5. University of North Dakota Citation II • Aircraft and environmental state parameters • Cloud microphysical measurements: 1D-C, 2D-C, FSSP • Air Chemistry: O3, CO2/H2O, NO/NO2 SO2, CO, and SF6 monitors • Aerosols: CN, CCN, PMS passive cavity scattering and Royco light scattering probes • Electric Field observations– Field mill system

  6. Weather Modification, Inc. Lear Jet 35A • Aircraft and atmospheric state parameters • Cloud/Precipitation microphysical probes • Aerosol: CN,CCN,IN • Atmospheric Chemistry: NOx, SO2,O3

  7. CSU-CHILL • S-Band (11 cm) Polarization Radar • Polarimetric and Doppler: Zh, Vr, Zdr, LDR, dp/Kdp, HV • Hydrometeor Identification • Rainfall rates and drop size distribution information • Single and multi-Doppler synthesized 3-D kinematic flow field • Surveillance and aircraft coordination

  8. NCAR S-POL • S-Band (2.8 GHz, 10.7 cm) Polarization Radar • Polarimetric and Doppler: Zh, Vr, Zdr, LDR, dp/Kdp, HV • Hydrometeor Identification • Rainfall rates and drop size distribution information • Single and multi-Doppler synthesized 3-D kinematic flow field • Surveillance and aircraft coordination

  9. TAMU/OU/TT/NSSL SMART-R • 2 mobile (flatbed diesel truck mounted) C-band (5.5 cm) Doppler radars • SR-1 • SR-2 • Zh, Vr,  • Precipitation structure and evolution • Multi-Doppler synthesized 3-D flow field within storms • 250 kW peak power, 8” reflector with 1.5 degree beam at 40 dB gain • Flexible deployment strategy for HEAT • Selectable baseline strategy • Can adapt to science mission and mesoscale forecast of the day

  10. TCEQ Surface Observations • Meteorological data • Approximately 34 stations • e.g., T, Td, wind • Air quality observations • Particulate matter • PM-10 • PM-2.5 • Ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide • TCEQ also has a wind profiler and two sodars in Houston area • TCEQ network supplemented by ten NWS ASOS/AWOS stations • NOAA/PORTS also has 3 stations along Galveston Bay and Island Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)

  11. NCAR MGLASS (Mobile GPS/Loran Atmospheric Sounding System) • Vertical Sounding of T, Td, wind • Surface meteorological data • CCN measurements

  12. NCAR TAOS (Tethered Atmospheric Observing System) • Boundary layer measurements • Lowest 1 km • T, Td/RH, P, wind speed and direction • 1 second sampling rate • remain at altitude in wind up to 15 mph • 2nd winch and balloon for observations in up to 45 mph wind • sensors can be placed anywhere on the tether • can be redeployed in less than 2 hours

  13. HEAT Operational Requirements – driven by science objectives • Lightning (L) • L1: Thunderstorm electric field profiles over Houston and over non-urban environments • L2: Lightning Flashes • Cloud microphysics (M) • M1: Mixed-phase microphysics • M2: Cloud droplet spectra • M3: Precipitation drop size distributions • M4: Pollution effects in the early-storm stages • Urban Heat Island Thermodynamics (U) • U1: Urban heat island thermodynamics • U2: Urban wind modification • U3: Urban updraft enhancement • U4: Urban effects on convective storm mergers and lightning production

  14. The Effect of the Complex Coastline • C1: Sea breeze modification: low-level convergence field associated with a complex coastline and its effects on convective initiation • C2: Sea breeze interaction with the urban heat island • C3: Intensity of sea breeze convection • Effects of Urban Influenced Thunderstorms on Atmospheric Chemistry • A1: NOx production by lightning • A2: Transport and fate of pollutants in thunderstorms • A3: Effect of urban thunderstorms on upper tropospheric chemistry

  15. Working Groups – Organized by Science/Hypothesis Category • Lightning • Cloud Microphysics • Urban Heat Island Thermodynamics • Effect of the Complex Coastline • Effects of Urban Influenced Thunderstorms on Atmospheric Chemistry

  16. Some Working Group Tasks • Revise SOD based on broad input and consensus • Review facilities required • Modify (add/delete) as necessary • Discuss deployment and observational strategies • Identify key personnel (PI’s) for facility requests • Draft group report for plenary session

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