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Understanding the Rock Cycle and Earth's Geohazards: A Comprehensive Overview

This review explores the three primary rock types—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—and their interactions in the rock cycle. It also discusses weathering processes, erosion mechanisms, and soil composition. Key geohazards like landslides, earthquakes, and volcanoes are highlighted, along with mitigation strategies. The significance of plate boundaries, including divergent, convergent, and transform types, is examined. Additionally, the course covers human impacts on the lithosphere and atmosphere, including deforestation and climate change, emphasizing the interconnectedness of Earth's systems.

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Understanding the Rock Cycle and Earth's Geohazards: A Comprehensive Overview

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  1. NC Final Review Earth Science

  2. Rock Cycle • 3 Types of rocks: • Igneous • Sedimentary • Metamorphic • Rock Cycle – Cycle of the 3 types of rocks throughout the Earth

  3. Weathering • Mechanical vs. Chemical Weathering • Frost Wedging • Exfoliation • Hydrolysis • Oxidation • Acid

  4. Erosion • Erosion: Weathered rock is moved from one location to another: • Wind • Water (Sheet, Rill, Gully) • Gravity • Glaciers

  5. Soil • Soil: Composed of parent material + humus • Soil Profile (O, A, B, C) • Texture Sizes: • Sand • Silt • Clay • Climate

  6. Geohazards • Natural Disasters caused by the lithosphere: • Landslide • Earthquake • Tsunami • Volcano • Sinkhole • Flood • Mitigation: Reducing damage from a geohazard

  7. Divergent Plate Boundaries • Plates split apart • Divergent Oceanic: Creates a mid-ocean ridge • Mid-Atlantic Ridge • Divergent Continental: Creates a rift valley • East Africa

  8. Convergent Plate Boundaries • Plates come together: • Oceanic-Oceanic: Creates a deep sea trench, volcanic islands • Oceanic-Continental: Creates a deep sea trench, land volcanoes • Continental-Continental: Creates non-volcanic mountains (Himalayas)

  9. Transform Plate Boundaries • Plates slide past each other: • Crust isn’t created or destroyed • Very powerful earthquakes • San Andreas Fault • Mechanisms for plate movement: • Convection • Ridge Push • Slab Pull

  10. Volcanoes • Types of volcanoes: • Shield • Cinder Cone • Composite • Magma vs. Lava • Volcanic Hazards: • Lahar • Pyroclastic Cloud • Pacific Ring of Fire

  11. Earthquakes • Vibrations within the Earth caused by plate slippage • P waves vs. S waves • Scales for measuring Earthquakes: • Moment Magnitude • Richter • Focus, Epicenter

  12. NC Geologic History • 1.7 Bya-NC created • 1.3 Bya-First NC mountains, eroded away • Paleozoic- Appalachians created • Taconic • Acadian • Alleghanian • Mesozoic-Appalachians are eroded

  13. Fossil Fuels • Fossil Fuels – Energy resource that comes from fossils: • Coal • Natural Gas • Petroleum • Non-Renewable, Produce Carbon Dioxide

  14. Resource Extraction • Harvesting: Wood, Peat • Drilling: Natural Gas (Hydrofracking), Oil • Mining: Coal, Uranium, Plutonium

  15. Alternate Energy • Alternate Energy Resources: • Solar • Wind • Hydroelectric • Nuclear • Geothermal • All are clean however are not sustainable

  16. Traditional/Sustainable Agriculture • Traditional Agriculture: • Good for profits/economy • Bad for the environment • Sustainable Agriculture: • Less profits • Better for the environment

  17. Human Impact On Lithosphere • Deforestation: Tearing down trees and not replanting • Decreases oxygen, increases carbon dioxide • Agriculture: Cultivation of species • Pesticides, Irrigation • Urbanization: Movement into cities • Increased erosion, ecosystems removed

  18. Water Cycle • Transfer of water between Earth’s systems

  19. Groundwater • Water stored beneath the surface • Infiltration vs. Runoff • Porosity vs. Permeability • Cone of Depression

  20. Ocean Currents • Density Currents: Result from differences in salinity within the ocean • Global Conveyor Belt • Surface Currents: Caused by the Coriolis Effect • Warm  Move towards the poles • Cold  Move towards the equator • Coastal Cities: Warm Winters, Cool Summers • Desert Cities: Hot Summers, Cold Winters

  21. Shorelines • Longshore Currents: Current moves at an angle and transfers sand • Groins • Jetties • Seawalls • Beach Nourishment

  22. Layers of the Atmosphere • Layers of the Atmosphere: • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Mesosphere • Thermosphere • Atmosphere: Mostly Nitrogen and Oxygen

  23. Air Masses/Fronts • Air Masses • cP • cT • mP • mT • A • Fronts • Warm • Cold • Stationary • Occluded

  24. Weather Analysis • Relative Humidity/Dew Point • Weather satellites • Station Models • Weather Maps • Isotherms/Isobars

  25. Climatology • Koppen Classification System: • Climatograph (Temperature, Precipitation) • Tropical • Mild • Continental • Dry • Polar

  26. Climatology • Natural Climate Shifts • Volcanoes • Sunspots • El Nino • La Nina • Changes in Earth’s Orbit • Changes in Earth’s Tilt

  27. Climatology • Global Warming: • Greenhouse Effect • Carbon Dioxide • Temperatures have steadily risen since fossil fuels were discovered BUT • The Earth naturally goes through climate shifts

  28. Climatology • Human Impact On Atmosphere • Deforestation • Ozone Depletion • Smog • Acid Rain • Ocean Acidification • Heat Islands • Clean Air Act, Hybrid Cars

  29. Ecology • Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors • Levels of Organization: • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biosphere • Food chains, Food Webs

  30. Ecology • Biomes: • Tundra • Taiga • Desert • Grassland • Temperate Forest • Tropical Rain Forest

  31. Ecology • Biodiversity – Variation within the Biosphere on Earth • Helps produce oxygen • Prescription Medicine • Fascination • Exotic Species • Extinction • Human Mitigation (Endangered Species Act, National Parks, etc.)

  32. Ecology • Population Dynamics • Exponential Growth (J-Curve) • Carrying Capacity (S-Curve) • Will increase as long as there are resources • Density Independent vs. Dependent Factors

  33. Ecology • Ecological Footprint: • Don’t drive whenever possible • Turn down the heat • Insulate your house • Recycle

  34. Ecology • Human Impact on Biosphere: • Population Growth • Habitat Alteration • Habitat Degradation • Habitat Fragmentation • Endangered Species • Human Needs

  35. Astronomy • Universe > Galaxy > Star > Planet • Earth revolves around the sun (revolution) • Moon revolves around the Earth • Phases of the moon • Tides: • Spring Tide vs. Neap Tide

  36. Astronomy • Earth’s Tilt • Causes the Seasons • Equinoxes, Solstices • Precession • Nutation • Barycenter

  37. Astronomy • Greek Astronomers  Geocentric Model • Copernicus  Helicocentric Model • Kepler  Laws of Planetary Motion • Ellipses • Planets move faster closer to the sun • Planets further from the sun have longer years • Isaac Newton

  38. Astronomy • The Sun • Largest object in the Solar System • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Gamma Rays • X-Rays • Ultraviolet Rays • Visible Light • Infrared Rays • Microwaves • Radio Waves • Photosynthesis  Needs the Sun

  39. Warm upMonday June 2nd • Finish study guide for review

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