1. Animal Science Michael Gowans Westlake High School

2. Structure and Function

3. Animal Structures and Function • Animals are composed of a variety of interdependent systems • No one system can function entirely on its own • In order to keep animals healthy, producers make sure that all systems function properly.

4. Skeletal System • Function • Provides frame and support for all systems and organs. • Cartilage • Firm, flexible tissues that is not as hard as bone

5. Skeletal System • Bone • Attach muscles • Means of movement • Protect internal organs • Storage of minerals

6. Skeletal System • Layers of Bone • Periosteum • Outer layer • Cushions the hard portion of the bone • Repair of broken bones

7. Skeletal System • Layers of Bone • Compact Bone • beneath periosteum • layer of hard mineral matter • Calcium • gives bones strength

8. Skeletal System • Layers of Bone • Spongy Bone • Inside hard outer layer • fills ends of bones • lines hollow portions

9. Skeletal System • Layers of Bone • Red marrow • inside cavities of spongy bone • formation of red blood cells

10. Skeletal System • Layers of Bone • Yellow marrow • Located inside hollow portion • Fat storage cells • Energy storage

11. Skeletal System • Types of Bone • Long Bones • Longest • Provide support and movement • Levers • Example -- legs, ribs, pelvic bones

12. Skeletal System • Types of Bone • Short Bones • Smaller than long • Joints • Comfort and mobility • Example -- feet and hands

13. Skeletal System • Types of Bone • Irregular Bones • Have an irregular shape • Support and protect • Example -- vertebrae

14. Skeletal System • Types of Bone • Flat Bones • Thin and flat • Protect organs • Example -- skull

15. Skeletal System • Joints • Where different bones meet • Ligaments • Connect bones together; tough tissue

16. Skeletal System • Joints • Classified by the way they move.

17. Hinge Joint

18. Ball and Socket

19. Gliding

20. Muscle System • Function • To provide movement for the proper functioning of the organs. • Meat production • Muscles are processed into meat • 30-40% of the animal’s body is muscle.

21. Muscle System • Skeletal Muscle • Movement for the bones • Voluntary movement • Composed of long, striated bundles that contract and relax

22. Muscle System • Skeletal Muscle • Red Muscle • Contain many mitochondria; • Lots of blood; contract for long periods of time

23. Muscle System • Skeletal Muscle • White Muscle • Fewer mitochondria • Contract faster • Fatigue faster.

24. Muscle System • Smooth Muscle • Movement • Controls movements of the internal organs • Involuntary. • Examples-- Digestive tract, urinary tract

25. Muscle System

26. Muscle System • Cardiac Muscle • Movement • Muscles that control the heart • Involuntary

27. Circulatory System • Function • Transports • Water • Oxygen • Wastes • Regulates temperature • Removes disease

28. Circulatory System • Heart • Center of the circulatory system • Large muscle • Pumpscontinuously

29. Circulatory System • Blood Vessels • Arteries • Vessels that take blood away from the heart • Veins • Vessels that return blood to the heart

30. Circulatory System • Capillaries • Connect arteries and veins • Deliver nutrients to the cells • Take away waste

31. Circulatory System • Red Blood cells • Give blood color • Carry oxygen • White Blood cells • Destroy disease • Pus

32. Circulatory System • Four Chambers • Right Atrium • Receives blood into heart from body, from veins • Right Ventricle • Pumps blood out to the lungs • Left Atrium • Receives blood into heart from lungs • Left Ventricle • Pumps blood out into body via arteries

33. Lungs Veins Right Atrium Left Atrium Left Ventricle Right Ventricle Arteries

34. Respiratory System • Function: • Takes oxygen from the air • Places it in the bloodstream • Removes carbon dioxide

35. Respiratory System • Structures • Nostrils • Large amounts of air • Nasal Chamber • Mouth • Brings in air

36. Respiratory System • Structures • Pharynx • Passageway for • Food • Water • Air • Controlled by epiglottis

37. Respiratory System • Larynx • Voice box (Adam’s apple) • Prevents material from entering lungs. • Trachea • Large tube • Made of rigid cartilaginous rings

38. Respiratory System • Bronchi • Branch out further • Lungs • Gas exchange

39. Respiratory System • Alveoli • Surrounded by blood vessels • Carbon dioxide is removed from blood • Oxygen is absorbed into blood

40. Respiratory System • Diaphragm • Large muscle under the lungs • When contracted, rib cage expands and air comes in • When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out

41. Nervous System • Function: • Central system • Motor Control • Sensation

42. Nervous System • Nerves • Long fiber like structures • Motor Neurons • Controls impulses sent from the brain • To other parts of the body

43. Nervous System • Sensory Neurons • Send impulses from the body to the brain. • Spinal Cord • All nerves are connected • Runs through the backbone (vertebra)

44. Nervous System • Brain • Center of the nervous system • Divided into 3 sections

45. Nervous System • Brain • 1. Cerebrum • Largest • Controls thought process • Ouch!

46. Nervous System • Brain • 2. Cerebellum • Coordinator center for the cerebrum • Many movements are required to walk, eat, etc…

47. Nervous System • Brain • 3. Medulla oblongata • Involuntary activities • Heart beat • Digestion • Breathing • Body Temp. • Feeling – Fear or Thirst

48. Nervous System • Brain Stem • Connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum.

49. Digestive System • Function: • Animal takes in food • Digested in to a form that the body can use. • Basic elements – Oxygen, Iron, Potassium, etc…

50. Digestive System • Monogastric • Simple stomach • One compartment • Pigs • Horse • Dog • Cat • Birds