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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 - 1800. p. 413. On the Brink of a New World. Motives and Means (God, Gold, & Glory) Adventure: The Spirit of the Renaissance The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 - 1800

  2. p. 413

  3. On the Brink of a New World • Motives and Means (God, Gold, & Glory) • Adventure: The Spirit of the Renaissance • The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century) • Economic Motives: Because of Marco Polo, more people wanted access to the East (Silks, Spices, etc.) • (cut out the middle man = lower prices = more profits) • Religious Zeal: “Battle for Souls” • (Catholics & Protestants) • Political Means: Centralized Monarchies • (Spain, Portugal, France, England, and Netherlands) • Technology: • Ptolemy’s Geography (old maps re-discovered) • Compass (China), Astrolabe and Sextant (Middle East) • New Ships “Caravel” (3 masts, different sails, rudder etc.)

  4. p. 416

  5. New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460) • In 1415 sponsors the development of a Portuguese Maritime School • Interested in Guns, Gold, God • Bartholomeu Dias • Sailed for Portugal. In 1487, he reaches Cape of Good Hope. • Vasco da Gama • Sailed for Portugal. In 1497, he reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope.

  6. Map 14-1, p. 417

  7. p. 418

  8. p. 418

  9. p. 418

  10. Voyages of the New World • Christopher Columbus • Sailing of Spain, reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492). • Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502) • Never realized he was not in Asia, hence “Indians” • Would set the stage for exploration of “New World” • Additional Discoveries: • Amerigo Vespucci (1499-1502 ) • Explorer who discovered that Columbus was incorrect and that this was a new area and not Asia • Ferdinand Magellan & Del Cano (1519-1522) • 1st to Circumnavigates the Earth for Spain. • Francis Drake (1580) • 2nd to circumnavigate the earth but for Great Britain • Henry Hudson (1610) • Discovers the Hudson Bay while looking for a Northwest Passage” • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • Splits the New World between Spain & Portugal

  11. p. 420

  12. The Spanish Empire in the New World • Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica • The Maya • The Aztecs • The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire • Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547) • Montezuma (Montezuma) • Tenochtitlan (Modern day Mexico) • Smallpox • Aztec Empire overthrown

  13. p. 422

  14. p. 422

  15. The Spanish Empire (Cont) • The Spanish Conquest of the Incan Empire • Inca buildings and roads (modern day Peru) • Francisco Pizarro (1475 – 1541) • Cuzco • Smallpox • Incas overthrown (1535) • Administration of the Spanish Empire • Encomienda • The Church

  16. p. 424

  17. Chronology, p. 424

  18. Africa: The Slave Trade • Growth in the Slave Trade • Slave trade existed in Africa prior to the European arrival. • Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. • High death rate during transit (Middle Passage) • Olaudah Equiano • The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano • Depopulation of African kingdoms & Warfare • Africans slave traders set the terms of sales • Guns increased tribal warfare • Europeans goods caused African cottage industries to collapse, hence poverty.

  19. Map 14-2, p. 427

  20. p. 427

  21. The West in Southeast Asia • Portugal • Spain • The Dutch and the English • Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and Vietnam)

  22. p. 429

  23. p. 430

  24. p. 430

  25. The French and the British in India • The Mughal Empire • The Impact of the Western Powers • Portugal • England • The Dutch and the French • Sir Robert Clive • The East India Company • Battle of Plassey (1757)

  26. p. 432

  27. China & Japan • China • Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) • Qing Dynasty • Western Inroads • Russia • England • Limited Contact • Japan • Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616) • Opening to the West • The Portuguese • Initially visitors welcomed • Catholic Missionaries • The Dutch

  28. p. 433

  29. p. 434

  30. The Americas • Spain and Portugal • Jesuits • The West Indies • The British and the French • The “Sugar Factories” • North America • The Dutch • New Netherlands • The English • Jamestown (1607) • Thirteen Colonies • The French • Canada

  31. p. 435

  32. p. 435

  33. Chronology, p. 436

  34. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered • Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa • Less impact in Asia • Multiracial society in Latin America • Ecology • Catholic Missionaries • Conversion of native populations • Hospitals, orphanages and schools • The Jesuits in Asia • Conversions in China • Japan

  35. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors • Opportunities for women • ???? • Economic effects • Gold and Silver • Exchange of plants and animals • Columbian Exchange • Impact on European lifestyle • Chocolate, Coffee, Tea, Rum and Tobacco • European rivalries • Competition for empires • New views of the world • Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map

  36. p. 439

  37. Map 14-3, p. 440

  38. p. 441

  39. Toward a World Economy • Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century • Too much Spanish gold & silver = Inflation • The Growth of Commercial Capitalism • Joint stock trading companies • Primogenitor Laws • New economic institutions • The Bank of Amsterdam • Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange) • Agriculture • New food stuff (tomatoes, potatoes, corn, etc.) & products (coffee, tea, rum, etc.)

  40. Mercantilism • Trade don for the benefit of the “mother country” • Economic activity = war through peaceful means • Importance of bullion reserves in a states treasury • Favorable balance of trade (Export more than you Import) • State intervention to protect trade

  41. p. 443

  42. Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization • Transoceanic trade very valuable • Intra European trade • Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas

  43. Timeline, p. 445

  44. Discussion Questions • Why were the Western European nations so well positioned for overseas exploration? • How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs and Incas? • What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe and the Americas? • What social and economic forces drove the Slave Trade? • What was the political & social impact on Africa? • What impact did European colonization have on the colonized? • What economic changes occurred in Europe as a result of Mercantilism and Capitalism?

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