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Chapter 2: Breeds and Life Cycles of Livestock and Poultry

Chapter 2: Breeds and Life Cycles of Livestock and Poultry. Unit 2e: Swine Life Cycle - history and general production of hogs. Hogs in the Americas :. 1493 : Santo Domingo with Columbus 1539 : brought to Florida

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Chapter 2: Breeds and Life Cycles of Livestock and Poultry

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  1. Chapter 2: Breeds and Life Cycles of Livestock and Poultry Unit 2e: Swine Life Cycle - history and general production of hogs

  2. Hogs in the Americas: • 1493: Santo Domingo with Columbus • 1539: brought to Florida • Wild hogs common to southeastern US in colonial times were likely “escapees” from as early as Spanish exploration

  3. Historical Perspectives: • Domesticated about 8000 years ago • China produces nearly one-half of the world’s hogs • Vast majority of market hogs are crossbreds • Production concentrated in the Midwest due to availability of corn and soybeans • Revolution: the pork industry became highly horizontally integrated in the 1990’s

  4. Swine numbers - 2001

  5. Swine Genealogy: • Genus and species: Sus scrofa • Sub-species 1: domesticus • European breeds, such as Hampshire • Sub-species 2: indicus • Asian breeds, such as Meishan • Common term for hogs: porcine

  6. Swine Life Cycle: Farrowing • Well developed gilts are bred to farrow at approximately one year of age • Sows are limit-fed to control weight during gestation • Farrowing crates or stalls commonly used in the US

  7. Newborn Piglet Management: • Birth weight: 3.0-3.5 pounds typical • Newborns do not effectively control body temperature; require heat source • Sow’s colostrum is critical to survival • Navel dipping - antiseptic to prevent infection • Identification - record keeping begins

  8. Pig Management: First Month • Tail removal - to reduce tail-biting • Clipping “needle” teeth - prevent injuries • Castrate - market pigs in US will be castrated • Weaning • Commonly done at about one month of age • New: “segregated early weaning” at 12-16 days • Creep feeding - may be fed extra energy

  9. Feedlot Animals: • Barrows and gilts commonly marketed for meat • Free-choice feeding of high corn and soybean meal diets common in US • Common market goals: • 6 months of age or less • 230 to 270 pounds live weight

  10. Female Replacements: • Goal: first litter born at one year of age • Selected females will be bred at about 7 to 8 months of age • Subsequent breeding times will be determined by management strategies • Sows are typically polyestrous • Multiple litters per year possible

  11. Replacement Males: • Performance evaluation • Items such as average daily gain, feed efficiency, backfat thickness and rib-eye area will be evaluated • Limited use in breeding at one year of age • AI collection for breeding with unfrozen semen use is common

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