1. Chapter Thirteen, Section Three The National State and Democracy

2. Great Britain • By 1871, Great Britain had a working two-party parliamentary system: • Liberal Party • Conservative Party • Both parties were led by a ruling class composed of: • Aristocratic Landowners • Upper Middle Class Business Owners • Reform acts in 1867 and 1884 increased the number of adult males who could vote. • By the end of 1918, all males over 21 and women over 30 could vote.

3. Great Britain • The working class in Great Britain supported the Liberal Party. • Liberals feared losing their support due to: • Favoring a more radical change in the economic system. • (1900) Labour Party formed supporting specifically the interests of the workers. • From 1906-1914, Liberals passed social reforms: • National Insurance Act of 1911 • Pensions for workers over the age of 70 • Compensation for workers injured on the job

4. France • After the fall of Louis Napoleon, France established the Third Republic and gained a republican constitution: • President • Legislature made up of two houses: • Upper House called the Senate • Lower House called the Chamber of Deputies • Members were elected by Universal Male Suffrage • A premier, or prime minister, actually led the government. The premier and his ministers were responsible to the Chamber of Deputies, not the President. • Ministerial Responsibility – The idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the executive officer. • Did not develop a strong parliamentary system and struggled with a large number of political parties.

5. Italy • In 1870, Italy had emerged as a unified country. • Italy had very little unity, due to: • Poverty stricken south • Industrialized north • Widespread corruption prevented the government from dealing with these problems. • Universal Male Suffrage was granted in 1912 but did little to fix the corruption issues.

6. Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order • Germany • The constitution began by Bismarck in 1871 provided for a two house legislature: • Lower House – Reichstag • Elected on the basis of universal male suffrage • Ministers of government were responsible to the emperor, not the parliament. He controlled: • Armed Forces • Foreign Policy • Government Bureaucracy • As chancellor (prime minister), Bismarck prevented a democracy from occurring. • Conservative forces also tried to prevent Germany from becoming a democracy.

7. Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order • Austria-Hungary • After the creation of the dual monarchy in 1867, Austria enacted a constitution that set up a parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility. • Francis Joseph appointed and dismissed his own ministers and issued laws when the parliament was not in session. • Unlike Austria, Hungary had a parliament that worked.

8. Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order • Russia • Czar Nicholas II had absolute power. • By 1890, fourth largest producer of steel. • Socialist parties developed: • Social Democratic Party • Social Revolutionaries • Both were forced to go underground due to government repression. • After Japan defeated Russia, discontent grew rapidly: • March on St. Petersburg was conducted to present a petition to the czar. • Troops opened fire upon the peaceful demonstration, which became known as, “Bloody Sunday.” • Nicholas II was forced to grant civil liberties and create a legislative assembly. • Called the Duma • These changes did not last for very long.

9. The United States • After the Civil War, the old South had been destroyed: • 1/5 of the adult male population had been wiped out. • 4 million African American slaves had been set free. • 13th Amendment – Abolish slavery • 14th Amendment – Citizenship to African Americans • 15th Amendment – Right to Vote to African Americans • The U.S. made the shift from an agrarian to industrial economic society. • Steel and Iron Industry was the best in the world. • 20% of Americans were city dwellers in 1860. • 40% of Americans were city dwellers in 1900. • Became the richest nation in the world in 1900. • Serious problems still remained: • 9% of the population owned 71% of the wealth. • Unsafe working conditions • Unemployment • Was the U.S. continuing to expand at this point? If so, where?

10. Canada • At the beginning of 1870, the Dominion of Canada had four provinces: • Quebec • Ontario • Nova Scotia • New Brunswick • In 1871, Manitoba and British Columbia were added. • Unity was difficult to achieve due to distrust between the English and French speaking people. • Wilfred Laurier became the first French-Canadian prime minister in 1896. • Industrialization progressed • Population increased within Canada