1. Notre Dame Polyphony • late twelfth century • ornate style of organum - matching grandeur and complexity of architecture • first to be primarily read from notation

2. Medieval Church Architecture • Romanesque church • Rounded arches • Massive walls • Sturdy piers/columns • Large towers

3. Romanesque • Burgundy • Barrel vaults • Sturdy columns

4. Romanesque • Burgundy • Barrel vaulting (decorated) • Multi-story • Organ added later

5. Early Gothic • St. Denis • Completed 1148 • Still some rounded elements • Going for more height

6. Early gothic • St Denis interior • Groin vaulting • Lots of glass • Internal walls and pillars still large

7. Buttresses • York Minster, England • Gothic construction start c. 1220 • Buttresses allow walls/pillars to be slimmer • Weight of stone is “pushed up” from outside

8. Notre Dame in Paris • first construction 1163 - 1240s • Exterior of apse (back of the church) • Flying Buttresses • Height • Pointed look vs round arches

11. Gothic • Notre Dame ceiling • Extreme height • Arches/windows in walls need weight transfer to buttresses

12. The “choir” in Notre Dame • Separated from nave, side chapels, and apse

13. High Gothic – Sainte Chappelle

14. High Gothic • 1240 - 1248 • Tracery of stonework • Focus on height and light • Decoration in stonework and glass

16. Rhythmic Modes • patterns of long/short notes • six modes - repeating patterns • long/breve = long/short notes • tempus (pl. tempora) - always grouped in threes • ligatures = notegroups based on chant neumes

17. Magnus liber organi • a great book of polyphony • Leoninus (Leonin) - 1150 - c. 1201 • for use at Notre Dame

18. Organum by Leonin • two voices • organum and discant • soloistic portions of chant treated polyphonically

19. Organum/Discant • Organum • drone • duplum - voice above tenor • irregular cadences • Discant • both voices in rhythmic mode

20. Chant to Leonin • choir = unison choir • syllabic/neumatic solo = organum • melismatic solo = discant

21. Listening - Viderunt Omnes • Chant - Gradual for Christmas Day • 2-voice organum by Leonin • listen for related sections

22. Substitute Clausulae • Perotinus (Perotin) - late 12th/early 13th c • edited Magnus liber organi • Clausula(e) - self-contained section of an organum closing with a cadence • replaced original polyphonic setting • most in discant style

23. Listening - Viderunt omnes clausula • tenor in rhythmic mode • organization

24. Perotin organum • organum duplum • organum triplum • organum quadruplum • ascending order from tenor

25. Perotin 4-vv Viderunt Omnes • alternates organum/discant style • organum • tenor in long notes; modal rhythm in upper voices • repeated phrases; voice exchange (NAWM 79) • Listening

26. Polyphonic Conductus • 2-4 voice settings of sacred/serious topics • rhymed, rhythmic, strophic, Latin poem • sequence - unrhymed, flexible syllable # • hymn - sometimes rhymed, no regular accent pattern

27. Conductus style • tenor not from chant • conductus style - all voices singing in same rhythm • syllabic text setting • some melismatic endings, cauda(e) • Listening - Ave virgo virginum