1. Module 6 Control

2. Learning objectives • Review causes of negative deviations • Learn differences between direct control and preventive control • Understand assumptions behind direct control and preventive control • List advantages of preventive control • Explain possible ways to develop excellent managers

3. Causes of negative deviations • Uncertainty • Lack of knowledge, experience, or judgment

4. Two general approaches to negative deviations • Direct control: the procedure that traces the causes of an unsatisfactory result back to the persons responsible for it and get them to correct their practices. • Preventive control: the procedure that traces the causes of an unsatisfactory result back to managers’ management skill and knowledge.

5. Questionable assumptions underlying direct control • All performance can be measured • Personal responsibility exists • Time expenditure is warranted • Mistakes can be discovered in time • Person responsible will take corrective steps

6. Assumptions of preventive control • Qualified managers make a minimum of errors • The management fundamentals can be used to measure performance • Application of management fundamentals can be evaluated

7. Advantages of preventive control • Greater accuracy is achieved in assigning personal responsibility. • Preventive control encourages self-control and make corrective action more effective. • Preventive control may lighten the managerial burden caused by direct controls. • Employees may be motivated to improve themselves continuously.

8. How to develop excellent managers • Instill a willingness to learn • Accelerate management development • Planning for innovation • Measure and reward management • Tailor information